The Role of Reflexivity in Ethnography Essay -- Anthropology Science E

The Role of Reflexivity in Ethnography Reflexivity, as I get it, is very well named.It is simply the act of reflecting and one’s work, of acting naturally mindful and self-basic. In humanities, it is very much exemplified by crafted by Renato Rosaldo, Ruth Behar, and Dorinne Kondo, among others. In its most clear structure (or possibly the structure generally evident to me), reflexivity is show in the act of an ethnographer remembering herself for her own ethnographic examination - seeing herself not as a â€Å"unbiased, impartial† (Malinowski 18) spectator, yet as a basic and un-removable piece of her investigation. The impact of reflexivity on ethnographic composing has been, in any case, a lot more extensive than simply that. It signals â€Å"a takeoff from the belief system of objectivity [and] distance† which for such a long time swarmed ethnography (Marcus 189). For the individuals who decide to utilize it, reflexivity offers the (frequently overwhelming) freedom of not venturing to have all the appropriate responses. While this clearly presents strategic issues for human sciences, (for example, If we can’t ever gone to an answer, at that point what’s the point?), reflexivity has played a part in delivering probably the most convincing, unassuming writings that I’ve read. Human studies is, as I would like to think, not a science.It’s basically not so static. Culture isn't something that can be comprehended the manner in which one can get gravity or electricity.It is open for translation, open for a wide range of understandings, and I prefer it as such. I’m quickly killed by an ethnographer who professes to know reality with regards to his subject: to be perfectly honest, I don’t trust it. Furthermore, regardless of whether something is â€Å"true† for a given culture at a given time, who’s to state it won’t have totally changed in five years? I feel that detailing a... ...e just one, and that nobody ethnographer can demonstrate that they’ve â€Å"gotten† a culture anything else than any one else (197). Once more, this takes me back to the â€Å"then what’s the point?† issue. As I would like to think, what we need are more translations of societies. All things considered, there is much to a greater degree a requirement for the work that we do as ethnographers. The â€Å"point† is really bigger now than it was previously. What amount would basic reasoning be encouraged on the off chance that we had something contrast and be basic about? Any understanding of culture merits taking a gander at in light of the fact that, since a human idea it up, it’s inside our domain of study. As Rosaldo composes, â€Å"the truth of objectivism - supreme, all inclusive, and ageless - has lost its imposing business model status† (21). The objective currently is to locate a reflexive, self-basic medium among objectivism and guilty pleasure. I feel like we may really arrive.

Methodology Guidelines for Construction †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Procurement Methodology Guidelines for Construction. Answer: Presentation The acquirement approaches have various impacts, which they can bring to a venture. The accomplishments of the activities are exceptionally influenced by the sort of the acquisition draws near, which are utilized. From the cost ramifications to the proficient of usage and furthermore the execution time frames are a portion of the key components which are influenced by the decision of the acquirement approach picked. The investigation of the [procurement approaches on the given ventures must be done to decide the best methodology. The various methodologies can perform on various activities dependent on the particulars of the undertakings itself. This implies the disappointment of one methodology on a specific undertaking doesn't imply that it won't prevail on another venture. The distinctions in ventures determinations can prompt the presentation contrasts in the tasks. The fundamental point of the obtainment approaches is to ensure that the ventures are finished inside the predefined course of events, ready to meet the expense evaluated and ready to meet the customers quality necessities. This paper will have the option to break down the diverse obtainment draws near. What's more, it will have the option to search for the best fitting methodology for the league square undertaking. It will have the option to suggest that acquisition approach which would help to impeccably actualize this task and the manner in which it would improve the exhibition factors for the usage of this venture. The organization square is found north of the Princes Bridge and limited by Flinders Street and the Yarra River. The venture covers an expected territory of 7.9 sections of land and is assessed to cost about $345 million. Also, the undertaking is fixed to give three significant open territories which incorporate St Pauls court, The square and the Atrium. In addition, the development of this undertaking depends on a solid deck, which is over the railroad on the go across purposes of Flinders road and Swanston Street on Kilda street. This task can give key social and community festivities to the occupants in Melbourne. With an expected 6 million occupants who visit the alliance square every year, the venture is vital to improving the occupation and economy of these individuals. The execution of the undertaking is as far as cooperation between Victorian government which had the help of the Commonwealth government and Melbourne City Council. The venture had an underlying quote of $128 million. All things considered, the execution cost ascended to $345 million and was found to have postponed with 26 months rendering the underlying expense as ridiculous figure. The cost contrast on the underlying evaluation was found through the accessible financing which was accessible as of now. The organization square undertaking is one of the key super task which can offer a legitimate examination of the manner in which the acquisition approaches can perform on a venture. The progressions had the option to occur from the offering add up to the honor sum. At long last, Lab engineering and Bates Smart met up and teamed up where they were to structure the venture. The coordinated effort had the option to prompt various issues and triumphs on the venture execution. The necessities and usage process had the option to offer basic components which prompted the task being an optimizing one. The legislature utilized the optimizing component on the task and turned into the key main thrust for the undertaking. The technique was intended to help the structure tem to have the option to concoct the best documentation of the venture. In any case, the intricacy of this undertaking offered a significant test to this strategy for usage of the task and came about to the different difficulties on the venture, for example, the cost augmentations and defers experienced. On the procedure of the optimizing execution, Multiplex was named with no serious offering process. On the procedure, eleven months after the beginning of the works, Multiplex had the option to put ahead a case of $19.1 million to the legislature so as to cover the postponements and harms which were brought about by nonappearance of the absence of legitimate legally binding understanding between the gatherings. This is a little piece of the issues which were experienced on the undertaking because of an inappropriate decision of acquisition approach. Likewise, in 2002, the agreement understanding was modified which had the option to prompt development Management course of action. The principle explanation behind the modification was because of different issues which had the option to incorporate; the ever changing and inadequate plans and documentations, the hesitance of the Office of Major Projects to bargain the engineering so as to have the option to hazard the allotment for structure to Multiplex. Besides, other purpose behind the adjustment is the more questions, which were coming over plan charge for the extra expenses and the advancements of the structures, which were proceeding through the delicate period. The acquirement approaches are key in guaranteeing that the undertakings can meet the various details of the activities. The achievement of the tasks is to a great extent associated with the sort of the acquisition approaches which is accepted. Additionally, the employments of some key methodologies in certain ventures can moderate the issues, which are experienced on different methodologies. Utilization of some acquisition approaches would have had the option to take care of some key issues in the league square venture. The expense and course of events of execution are a portion of the key regions where the venture had the option to bomb a ton. Acquisition strategies examination Every one of the acquirement approach can have it benefits and negative marks when utilized in a specific venture. So as to expand the odds of appropriate task Management, right obtainment approaches must be browsed the start. The timetable, costs and the nature of the undertaking are the key zones, which the obtainment draws near, can upgrade in their applications. A portion of the key methodologies, which are utilized, on the development ventures incorporate, conventional or configuration offer and fabricate, plan and build acquisition, Management obtainment and cooperative acquirement among different undertakings. The dangers components in the activities are the principle region, which the acquirement draws near, can address (Smith and Love, 2001). Additionally, the obtainment approaches can determine the duties of the various gatherings and the way on which the development system will be completed. The hazard the executives is additionally key component where the various gatherin gs can share the dangers associated with the undertaking. In addition, the acquirement approaches can improve the viability in the cost usage, the nature of work execution and adequacy in the hour of finish. Toward the end, the best technique will have the option to decrease the hazard which is related with the task. The acquirement the board can show the dangers, which are included between the various gatherings, and the manner in which they share the dangers. This is one of the key obtainment approach which has been utilized in the development business. in this technique, the customer can accept just the dangers which are not related with the development exercises. The temporary worker bears all the dangers which are identified with the development exercises. An advisor is additionally included, where he is selected to do the structure and cost control of the undertakings (Center for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, 2010). Additionally, the temporary worker has dangers identified with workmanship and materials including all the exercises, which the subcontractors can complete, and the providers. Also, through this methodology, promising start of works is conceivable. Other key sub draws near, which incorporate, single amount contracts in which the agreement whole is resolved before the start even the development and the sum is settled upon. The other sub classification is the cost repayment where the agreement aggrega te is accomplished through the premise of real expense of work, plants and material and afterward the charges to cover the overheads and benefits are included. Customary acquisition technique Under this sub approach, the temporary worker can characterize the measure of work which the person has done and consequently is remunerated the concurred sum. Variances can occur on the concurred aggregate based on changes of the work, plants and materials, which are at that point, secured utilizing an equation or checking the solicitations. The drawings and filled bill of amounts are utilized to show up at the agreement whole through this strategy. Through this technique, the work which is conveyed by the contractual worker isn't effectively quantifiable precisely through the offering. This technique is otherwise called the re-estimation contract. The plan is generally used to precisely add up to the sum and nature of what is required and given to the giver (Holt, Proverbs and Love, 2000). In addition, the business needs to acknowledge the hazard included when the works are beginning without precise thought on the complete expense. Through this strategy, the contactor can complete a transitional measure of work on the premise that he will be paid the prime sum or basically the real expense of the work, plants utilized and materials (Mortledge, Smith Kashiwagi, 2006). Besides, the administration expense is additionally settled upon to cover the executives, overheads and the benefits of the temporary worker. It is a serious methodology in the determination of celebrated. Configuration is affected by both the customer and expert consequently encouraging elevated level of usefulness and quality improvement Conviction in cost at the agreement granting is accomplished Changes are effectively made on the agreement are effortlessly made to mastermind and oversee Dis points of interest It requires some investment to development utilizing this methodology. When delivered without culmination, questions as a rule emerge during the usage

Buy Article Critique Article Critique Writers Online

Buy Article Critique • Article Critique Writers Online Article Critique Writing Service Home›Article Critique Writing ServiceBuy Article Critique: Expert Help from Professional WritersAre you aware that in the majority of cases, article critique writing does not require that any references are provided? A decent article critique should be a detailed summary of the chosen or set article, and the focus or message that it is supposed to convey. For more details, refer to our article critique example database presented on our website or directly to our academic writing experts employed at QualityCustomEssays.com.Article critique writing can be so inspiring if you know how to do it right.  But if you dont? We recommend you not to wait for motivation or inspiration.  We can write an excellent custom article critique right now. (Only Reliable Payment Systems)What Is an Article Critique?Any piece of writing, which involves critiquing the works written by other people, can be very complicated for an ordinary student. Such a situation occurs si nce completing such writing requires that a student has an effective and efficient correlation of the objectivity (the specific topic of the chosen or set article) and a wide range of various skills in critical thinking, writing, analyzing, etc. Writing an article critique paper is a kind of a written task based on specific restrictions to personalized viewpoints and the precisions in evaluating what was written by other people in the past. The preparation of an article critique paper is not possible without decent research of the original writing. Such a form of written assignment presents a serious problem for students who dislike following strict rules and requirements in writing.

How to Preserve a Carved Halloween Jack-o-Lantern

Your carved pumpkin or Halloween jack-o-lantern doesnt have to rot or mold before Halloween! Here is how to use chemistry to preserve a jack-o-lantern so that it will last for weeks instead of days. Key Takeaways While a pumpkin may last weeks or months without rotting, once you carve it, the exposed flesh is susceptible to rot.Decay can be minimized by applying a disinfectant or preservative, such as bleach, salt, or sugar.A carved pumpkin can be sealed with oil or petroleum jelly to lock in moisture and minimize puckering.Its important to keep a carved pumpkin cool when its not in use. Increasing the temperature basically incubates mold and bacteria. How to Preserve a Carved Pumpkin Mix up a preservative solution for your carved pumpkin consisting of 2 teaspoons of household bleach per gallon of water.Fill a sink, bucket, or tub with enough of the bleach solution to totally immerse the carved jack-o-lantern. Place the jack-o-lantern in the bleach mixture right after you have finished carving it. Soak the carved pumpkin for 8 hours or overnight.Remove the pumpkin from the liquid and allow it to air dry. Spray the pumpkin inside and outside with a commercial pumpkin preservative or use your own mixture, consisting of 1 teaspoon of bleach in water. Spray the pumpkin once daily, to prevent the growth of bacteria and mold.Smear petroleum jelly on all of the cut surfaces of the pumpkin. This will prevent the pumpkin from drying out and getting that puckered, shriveled look.Protect the  jack-o-lantern  from sun or rain, since one will dry the pumpkin out, while the other will promote the growth of mold. If possible, refrigerate your jack-o-lantern when its not in u se. How Pumpkin Preservation Works Bleach is dilute sodium hypochlorite, an oxidizer that kills microorganisms that decay the pumpkin, including mold, fungi, and bacteria. You need to reapply it because it loses its effectiveness fairly quickly. The petroleum jelly locks in moisture so the jack-o-lantern doesnt get dehydrated. Now that you know how to keep it fresh, make a science Halloween jack-o-lantern. More Tips to Preserve Pumpkins Another way to make a pumpkin last is to simply wait until its closer to Halloween to carve it. One idea is to mark the carving for the big event, but not actually cut it. Then coat the entire pumpkin except the areas to be carved with glow-in-the-dark paint. This gives you a glowing pumpkin with dark areas where the carving will go.While bleach reacts with air so that it needs to be reapplied, you can get lasting protection against critters and mold by treating a carved pumpkin with borax. You can either sprinkle borax powder around the interior of the jack-o-lantern and the carved surfaces or you can dip the pumpkin in a solution of borax in water.If youre concerned about the potential toxicity of bleach or borax (or simply dont have them), you can deter rotting and mold using salt. It doesnt matter whether you use table salt or road salt. You can either soak the pumpkin in brine (saturated saline solution) or else rub salt into the cut surfaces and interior of the jack-o-lantern. Again, you can seal the pumpkin with petroleum jelly to keep it from shriveling up. Salt prevents rot by dehydrating cells.While salt is a better preservative, sugar also dehydrates cells. The same techniques used for salt may also be applied to sugar.Another good tip is to use care when selecting your pumpkin. If you can, try to select a pumpkin that is fresh and firm. A freshly cut pumpkin wont have a shriveled stem or soft spots anywhere on the fruit. You have a much better chance of keeping a pumpkin until Halloween if it doesnt have an established colony of bacteria and mold.When you carve the pumpkin, clean the inside as well as possible. If you leave any strings or seeds, youre  providing extra surface area for microbial growth. Its easier to keep a smooth surface clean than a rough one.

Christian Overview Essay - 1812 Words

Introduction Whether or not we recognize it, each person has a worldview. In essence, each person has implicit assumptions as well as prejudices about the world, which in most occasions influence the manner in which we regard situations around us. Generally, a worldview is a kind of lenses that corrupts our view of the world around us. Singularly, our worldview is shaped by our level of education and cultural background, as well as upbringing among many other environmental factors. For most people, their worldview is nothing more than what they have observed in the environment. To these kinds of people, they wouldn’t be in a position to provide a rationale reason of their beliefs to others. Christian worldview As defined in ()†¦show more content†¦Ordinarily, the reason behind that is their worldview; which is an inclination to the manner in which they see things, as either the result of accidental happenings or God’s doings (). A number of people acquire their worldview genetically. Moreover for others, they acquire their worldview from the people they interact with regularly, such as their family along with friends, together with the media as well as life’s experiences. Even though, a few followers of Christ affirm strongly to have developed their worldview, direct from the Holy Scriptures that is debatable. Most likely, they have determined with certainty to interpret scriptures with a worldview. In this way, even whatever they find in scripture is shaped by what they prognosticate. For the most part, worldviews vary with time contingent upon general environmental factors. Despite some people having a single worldview their entire life, for others, their worldviews undergo gradual transformation. A single worldview is possible particularly for community and tribal cultures. Nevertheless, in modern world the worldview of a person is more likely to be in a state of dynamism. This is true because in most occasions, our worldview transforms in much the same manner in which it was gotten; by experience as well as interactions. With reference to experiences: wherever a person continuously experiences situations that are beyond explanation, such a person is probably likely to search for answersShow MoreRelatedChristian Counseling: An Overview1470 Words   |  6 Pagesteaching in Christian counseling will lay out the foundational requirement to enable the ones called by God to be an effective counselor. The book of Philippians 1:6 states, being confident of this, that he who began a good work in carry it on to completion until the day of Christ Jesus (The Holy Bible: New International Version). This is what it will take to be an effective counselor to help bring people out of their hurt and to look toward Jesus Christ our Savior Goal of Christian Counseling Read MoreCarl Christian Anton Christiansen : An Overview1220 Words   |  5 Pages Gi Le Professor Doug Cunningham IHUM 202 7 October 2015 Word Counts: 1208 Enduring to the End Carl Christian Anton Christiansen (C.C.A Christiansen) is considered one of the finest nineteenth-century painters of Mormonism. He captured important moments of early Mormo ¬n history on 23 large oil-on-canvas paintings, stitched them together into a lengthy scroll, and called it Mormon Panorama. Before arrived at BYU Museum of Arts, it was stored in long wooden boxes in the wagon and transferred to differentRead MoreHow Does The Christian World Look For The Outsider? David Kinnaman1627 Words   |  7 PagesHow does the Christian world look to the outsider? David Kinnaman along with the Barna group attempt to answer this question in UnChristian. Oddly enough the five most common adjectives used by people literalistic, anti-intellectual, self-righteous, judgmental, and bigoted. Us Christians might object, rather defensively to try an sway the crowd, playing the card off, â€Å"that s unfair to draw sweeping conclusions based upon the report of one person in the church.† If you think that way, you d be rightRead MoreBulls, Bears and Golden Calves: A Thorough Overview With a Christian Perspective of Economic and Ethical Analysis 2287 Words   |  10 PagesJohn Stapleford’s book, Bulls, Bears, and Golden Calves, provides a thorough overview with a Christian perspective of economic and ethical analysis. He reviews the moral challenges of macro, micro, and international economic issues. Stapleford covers a variety of important public policy issues such as self-interest, economic efficiency, and private property rights. He begins the book by laying a foundation of ethical thought and an analytical framework. Stapleford provides a Biblical perspectiveRead MoreChristianity Presentation719 Words   |  3 PagesBuhl Christianity Presentation Overview ââ€" ª What is Christianity ââ€" ª Christianity Beliefs ââ€" ª What is Nontraditional ââ€" ª Nontraditional Beliefs ââ€" ª Summary ââ€" ª Reference What is Christianity? Christianity[note 1] is an Abrahamic, monotheistic[1] religion based on the life and oral teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. Christianity is the world s largest religion,[2][3] with about 2.4 billion adherents,[4][5][6] known as Christians.[note 2] Christians believe that Jesus has a uniqueRead MoreBen Quash And Michael Ward942 Words   |  4 Pagesauthors Ben Quash and Michael Ward present eleven Christian heresies, their origins, and ways to avoid them, and ending the book by arguing for orthodoxy through an explanation of Biblical Trinitarianism, why it is important, and why Christians should defend it. The majority of the heresies discussed deal with the nature of Christ and his personhood, including Arianism and Docetism. The rest of the discussed heresies deal with issues of the Christian life and the church, such as Marcionism and PelagianismRead MoreEssay on Beowulf - Profile Of An Epic Hero586 Words   |  3 Pagesthat is pagan and the poem gives us an overview of what Anglo-Saxon culture would have been like. Most scholars are sure that this poem was composed in England and that it was written sometime between the 8th and 11th century. We read in many books that during the 6th and 7th century, England was converting to Christianity. In view of the fa ct that most of the sayings in Beowulf are Germanic paganistic sayings I believe that since the narrator was Christian, he incorporated many of the sayings toRead MoreVinson Syn A Christian Scholar And Dean Emeritus1012 Words   |  5 Pages Vinson Synan is a Christian scholar and Dean Emeritus at Regent University in Virginia Beach. In this work, he describes the most remarkable historical events that shaped the Pentecostalism in America and worldwide. Synan points out specific characteristics that clarifies the origins of the Pentecostal church in America. His main purpose is to present a historical analysis of the Pentecostalism and its roots. According to him, the reader needs to be aware of the Pentecostal traditions developedRead MoreDiscussions on the Definition and History of Heresy in McGraths Heresy: A History of Defending the Truth1022 Words   |  4 Pagesimportant overviews. The first section reviews the definition of heresy by stating heresy as form of Christian beli ef that, more by accident than design, ultimately ends up subverting, destabilizing, or even destroying the core of Christian faith† (12). Rather than seeing heresy as originating from those who are unbelievers, it is contrastingly begun by those who claim to be Christians in the church and develop misrepresentative and misleading ideas or concepts regarding important Christian principlesRead MoreFamily Values And The American Dream1441 Words   |  6 Pagesevangelical leaders and conservative politicians served to bring family values to the consciousness of the nation. The Christian right leaders came together to support a different agenda that fostered family values. Moreover, evangelical leaders and conservative politicians played an important role in fighting aborting, homosexuality, and feminist agenda that proved contrary to basic Christian teaching â€Å"family values† rhetoric had pervaded white evangelical Christianity, drawing on theological resources

Biological Pest Control Case Study †the cassava mealybug Free Essays

The Cassava plant was brought to Africa from South America in the 16th century. The next four years the starchy thickened roots became the main source of food for millions of Africans, providing up to 70% of the recommended daily intake. The cassava plant is the habitat of the cassava mealybug and is damaged by the insect. We will write a custom essay sample on Biological Pest Control Case Study – the cassava mealybug or any similar topic only for you Order Now The problem – The cassava mealybug- eating cassava plant- biological control of mealybug by using wasps. When the cassava plant was introduced to Africa most of its predators for example mites and plant diseases, were not also introduced therefore leaving the plant free of most of its predators but in the 1970’s a pest called the cassava mealybug was accidently introduced from Latin America(2) The pest is a rare insect but it quickly spread across the entire cassava plant growing area and due to the lack of natural predators within 10 years it became the most important pest insect on cassava causing a loss of up 80% of crop. The mealybug(5) shown on left hand side of text has damaged the cassava plants by sucking sap from roots, tender leaves; petioles and fruit form the plant. The severely infested leaves of the cassava plant will turn yellow (3) and gradually dry out a severe attack on the cassava plant can result in shredding of leaves. On the right is a picture (4) of a cassava plant which has been infested by the mealybug. Another problem with the mealybugs is that some will inject a toxic substance while feeding causing deformation of the cassava plant and therefore there was less food to be harvest. Although timing is not regular, depending on biological events and conditions such as area under cultivation and climatic factors, it seems that major new diseases or strains of cassava disease tend to appear every 7–10 years. Table below shows the disease problem in Arica. Biological methods/ processes- biological control of invasive species. Cassava mosaic and mealybug control programs were introduced in the 1970s (2) to combat these two problems, the decline in crop because of the mealybug eating the plant and further decline because of the spread of disease. The Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) based in Trinidad and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) researched into how the mealybug was kept under control in South America. They eventually found that a tiny wasp (smaller than the head of a pin) called the Leptomastix, which laid its eggs on the mealybug was keeping the mealy bugs under control therefore protecting the cassava plant. The picture on the right shows the small wasp on the mealybug larvae. You can read also Costco Case Study The picture on the left shows an infected cassava tuber dug from the field and sliced open. The wasps were able to control the cassava eating the cassava crops by the wasp laying eggs on the mealybug they grew on the mealybug, the wasp larvae then killing the mealybug this would have a huge effect on the population as seen in South America, of the mealybug and therefore restoring the natural balance. This could be the breakthrough that they were looking for and could control the mealybug. Meeting the challenge Tests were run on the wasp by the CABI Bioscience in the UK. There the mealybug was tested to see how highly specific they are to the cassava mealybug host because if they were not then they could also affect other insects in the continent and therefore would be too dangerous to introduce to the area. The results showed that the wasp was highly specific to the insect (mealybug) so were given the okay to be shipped to Africa so they then can be reared and then the distributed to other areas around Africa. This was a huge breakthrough as without this research it had the ability to cause huge damage on the environment and the economy because of further damage to other crops. Appropriateness.-Has been successful with the mealybug. The mealybug feeds on the cassava stem, petiole, and leaf near the growing point of the cassava plant. During feeding, the mealybug injects a toxin that causes leaf curling, slowing of shoot growth, and eventual leaf withering. This is the effect the cassava mealybug has on the plant resulting in a huge loss of crop due to infested plant crop. The yield loss in infested plants is estimated to be up to 60 percent of root and 100 percent of the leaves the root is the main source of food so this causes a huge problem for the crop yield. The results were a reduction in mealybug damage was seen in the first season following release in both the leaf and the root, and full control was typically achieved within 2–4 years (6) after and now after a decade (10 years) the cassava mealybug and the wasps lived in natural balance with the mealybug population down to a maximum of 10% of what they were 10 years ago at a peak of the infestation.(1) Now the cassava can grow with no or little dam age from the mealybug as the wasp has stopped the 60% root damage and the 100% of leaf destruction. Yield losses as reported by farmers are averaged at about 80% during the 1983 cassava mealybug outbreak but were reduced to 43% in 1979 pre infestation levels. (7) Implications Environmental- An environmental implication is that when the wasps are introduced to south America there was a risk that it could have a huge impact on the food chain as by taking away one organism or gaining one can have a knock on effect on others for example of the wasp was then hunted by a predator this could leave its normal pray to multiply therefore having an over population which in turn can then have knock on effects to their pray and so on and so on until extinction of a food source. Causing problems for South America in the economy and for the environment also. This environmental implication causes an imbalance of the natural balance of wildlife; this may have a knock on effect of the overall environmental surrounding and the effect on the human population. Economic For the farmers of Africa the economic impact has been useful and successful by increasing dramatically there yield percentage therefore increasing the money income. Every pound of investment in the mealybug project control work has returned between 200 and 500 pounds. These benefits to the environment from this environmental solution with no costs but a huge increase in crop harvest, obviously is a clear advantage economically to the farmers. By introducing the wasps there will be a series of tests that need to be run before can be realised for example testing the wasps to see if they were highly specific to the mealybug and whether they would cause destruction on other pests in the environment. The cost of setting up the project is costly especially as it is a longitudinal study so will have a large amount of money spent which will be spent over the years as has to be monitored over the years. Benefits to the humans There was a desperate need for something that could stop the crop destruction on the cassava plant and by finding the wasp that ate the mealybug which was destroying the crop made the crop loss decrease dramatically There was 80% of crop lost so with the help of the cassava mealybug project has gone down to 43 % (7) this a huge benefit for the locals economically it brings in more income for them and also more food, As is a large food source for the local people. The cassava plant is the third-largest source of food carbohydrates in the tropic area. The cassava is a major food in the developing world, providing a basic diet for around 500 million people. Cassava is one of the most drought-tolerant crops, capable of growing on marginal soils. Nigeria is the world’s largest producer of cassava. The cassava is a great source of carbohydrate for the people although it lacks in protein. Risks to the environment Although there is many reasons why there was a need for this biological control of the cassava mealybug, but there was also a huge risk of the environment being destroyed for example, if the wasp was not highly specific to the mealybug and caused a different crop to grow out of control this could also affect the natural balance of the environment resulting in and upset of the natural predators food source leading to disruption of habitat and extinction of some insects which will have a large effect on predators higher up the food chain. The wasp being introduced to the environment could have caused further damage on the environment destroying the local agriculture if it had effected another plant in the environment with could have caused further damage on the local economy and their food source. The food chain on the right shows how a small animal’s decrease of extinction would affect along the food chain resulting in effecting the highest food predator and can easily lead to extinction of this animal. Alternative solutions Pesticides can be used to control out breaks of mealybugs. It is not very easy to control, as the cassava mealybug is covered in hydrophobic wax which repels water-based insecticides therefore making it very difficult ton successfully irradiate the mealybug using this method of biological control. Also unless mealybugs are sprayed with the insecticide at certain times the treatment will not be effective. Firstly because mealybugs are protected from aqueous sprays by their wax coat and seek sheltered sites at certain points in which to feed, insecticides must be applied when mealybugs have least wax and are most exposed. This time is in early spring as the mealybugs will feed on the foliage and at this point the mealybugs are young and have not had enough time to produce the full thick layer of wax coating. And therefore this leaves the mealybug unprotected from the insecticide. There are also fewest leaves at this point so is harder for the, mealybug to hide from the insecticide resulting in a higher success rate. Insecticides applied after Christmas has limited effect, Once mealybugs have established there position on the plant (usually from mid-January onwards), they are virtually impossible to remove or control with insecticides at this stage therefore this means that there has to be a lot of research gone into discovering the perfect time to use the pesticide therefore costing a lot as is a longitudinal study and may vary from year to year. Genetic modification. Another possibility that is being looked into it genetic modification of plants, this was done by Dr Stanford. He was looking into crop improvement and saw the power of genetic selection and how there was limited changed possible using just selective breeding. He then became involved in plant genetic engineering research and showed that there were numerous genes which were potentially useful in crop plants but they were struggling to find a method for delivering these genes into the plant genome, there was no transformation technology(8) . Further research showed that shooting DNA into cells thereby penetrating cell walls and membranes. This was called the gene gun and it was able to transform early transgenic crops. This gene gun would be able to in theory change the genetic makeup of the cassava plant so that it could offer some sort of protection against predators. This would also have risks as you do not know how the modification will affect all of its predators and could therefo re have an effect on them so may cause harm in some way. Although there is less risk in destroying the natural environment as it is not causing other insects a problem. Conclusion In conclusion the biological control of the mealybug has had a huge effect and has caused the problem of the economy and environment to be resolved therefore keeping harmony between the organisms and the human population by keeping a natural balance between the small wasp and the mealybug. How to cite Biological Pest Control Case Study – the cassava mealybug, Free Case study samples

Plato And Aristotle Essays (708 words) - Ancient Greek Philosophers

Plato And Aristotle Nearly all humans have the goal to live a virtuous and happy life. Two of the world most acknowledged philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, had their own views on this central issue. Plato supported the understanding view; he believed understanding is the key to living a virtuous life. Aristotle supported the habit and action view; he believed that individuals become virtuous by continuous moral actions. By and large both philosophers have a good standpoint; but in my judgment one has a stronger line of reasoning. Plato supports the view of understanding over custom and tradition. He believes that individuals should acquire the knowledge to understand something and then start performing the action. Plato says that once someone understands the good then he or she will do it; he says ...what we desire is always something that is good (pg.5). We can understand from this that Plato is saying individuals want to do good for themselves; we perform immoral deeds, because we dont have the understanding of the good. The lack of knowledge and understanding will cause an individual to perform meagerly in life. He believes that custom and tradition are not favorable for us; from this I believe he is trying to point-out that we all should acquire our own understanding of things instead of taking the other views. His position demonstrates to us that understanding helps us do good and doing good means living a virtuous life. I believe that Platos view is acceptable. A human must understand the actions he or she is going to perform; it is beneficial for us to know what we are doing before we do it. For example in any kind of organization you need understanding and knowledge of the action over tradition and custom, because knowledge is more widely accepted than tradition and custom. Tradition and custom vary from place to place, but knowledge and understanding are universal. Aristotle, Platos student, invented his own view about virtuous living. Aristotle believes that individuals acquire character virtues threw actions that are repeated continuously. He says, Virtue of character results from habit, hence its name ethical, slightly varied from ethos. (pg.14) He says that none of the virtues that are in our character arise naturally; instead they are embedded in us by continuous actions. For example a soldier becomes brave threw continuous acts of bravery, the repetitive actions someway conditions him, and the virtue becomes a character in him. Aristotle also points out that an individuals character virtues can also be in surplus or in lower; an individual can have too much bravery and be considered reckless; furthermore, one can also have deficiency in bravery and be considered a coward. Overall Aristotle believes we should do the actions; consequently, we will learn from it furthermore we will eventually make it a habit, and acquire it in our character. I suppose Aristotle is correct to some extent. I agree with his explanation about individuals having excess and inferior amounts of character virtues. In order to consider a character to be virtuous you must have the normal expression or use of it. An individual with too much or too little can be considered not normal; therefore, the character cannot be considered a virtuous. The topic that I dont correspond with Aristotle is the one about acquiring the characters of virtue. I believe we acquire virtues threw understanding and knowledge not by continuous actions; for example, one can do continuous actions but if that individual doesnt understand what he or she is doing then the action cannot be considered a virtuous one. One has to understand that this is right and this is wrong in order for his or her to be virtuous. Personally I think that Plato has a stronger line of reasoning. The concept of understanding and learning is more appealing to me. I believe every individual should base their actions on understanding. Understanding means to think and to reason and obtain knowledge; this in my opinion is the key to building the character. When an individual bases his or her actions on reason and understanding then almost certainly he or she will living a virtuous life. Philosophy Essays