DAIJ

Go through this process, writer will be more understand the messages that the author or artist want to convey. In addition, DAIS is actually more to the writer opinion and It can help writer to improve thinking skill from different angles. In DAIS, we no need to create anything and it only need a short of time to write DAIS. On the contrary, design thinking is a process create something that based on our client's opinion, benefit, requirement and condition. The whole design thinking process include empathic, define, ideate, prototype and test.In this process, we need to do a lot of research to collect information before we start designing, for example, observation, interview, survey, analysis data and etc. It will take longer time for the whole design thinking process, because it need times for gathering data, analysis data, brainstorm idea, testing and experiment. In conclusion, DAIS is based on writer own opinion and a process to understand creator message. On the other hand, desig n thinking is based on our clients benefit and requirement. These are the differences between DAIS and design thinking. ) When would you use DAIS and when would you use design thinking? When want to gather some information about artwork or images, I will use DAIS. Because DAIS is simple and suitable to collect data from artwork or image and an understand the artwork in details. When have my own clients who need me to help them solve their problem, I will use design thinking. It is more suitable to understand the need and the way to help my client. C) How are they related? Visualize the relationship graphically. The above image is about how DAIS related to design thinking.The design thinking process is created based on â€Å"the Right Brain initiative† website and then I add the DAIS between â€Å"empathic† until â€Å"prototype†. From my understanding DAIS is included in between empathic until prototype. It start with empathic; collecting data like description i n DAIS, understand our clients and the market trend. Then, define which is analysis the data we get, think from different angle to understand deeper. After that, follow by ideate, it's like interpretation from DAIS. From the view of designer, create something that can related to our clients product, means how to relate our own idea to clients product.Lastly is prototype, present our idea to the clients, try to convey and allow them to judge see whether the idea is suitable for them or not before experiment. This process is like judgment from DAIS. In conclusion, DAIS and design thinking is actually related to each other. Both also have their own advantages and both also can support each other. By using two method at the same time, can make the process more clear and easy to understand. 2. We have discussed a number of problems that needs to be addressed e. G. Single parent, homeless.In one of the tutorials, the different problems faced, research questions, hypotheses and proposed so lutions for single parents was discussed. Would DAIS or design thinking help you to identify better solutions? Why? Yes. DAIS or design thinking have their own step to find out the answer. By following with these step can help me understand and identify he problem easily. Furthermore, these steps can guide and improve my point of view of the problem. For example, we can use different angle to think and to solve the problem. 3. Based on the above, what does Picasso quote on research mean?What does having your own voice mean? Why do We need to acknowledge the source? What would you define as original? Based on the my research, Picasso quote can be define as art-based research can be defined as the systematic use of the artistic process, the actual making of artistic expressions in all of the different forms of the arts, as a primary way of understanding and examining experience by both researchers and the people that they involve in their studies. From my understanding, the word †Å"research† can define as experiment.Picasso explore himself by using art, he using painting to experiment the changing of the color and technique, and how it can change the element and the feeling of the whole painting. As a designer, we are not just sitting there and read data, we always need to experiment different kind of technique to gain knowledge and experience. This is what I understand from that quote. Having my own voice can be define as to stay strong and believe of my own pinion, to adhere my own decision, to speak out what I want to say or have my own freedom. The word â€Å"voice† can represent idea, choices, decision or freedom.For example, a boy making decision on what to study for degree, parent always hope he can go study as doctor, account or some others career that can earn a lot of money, the boy will choose the subject that he is not interest in, it is because the boy do not want to disappoint to his parent. In this situation, the boys voice being cover by his parent voice and he choose to listen his parent voice rather than his voice in his inner heart. We should rye to listen and believe our own voice, because this is our life. Speak out is the only way to get what we really want and what we really need.Based on my research, there are few reason that why we need to acknowledge the source. The first reason is to avoid plagiarism. Since we are borrowing people's facts or document to prove our research, we should be honest to give them credit to prove that we are borrowing their document and not stealing. The second reason is allow reader to know furthermore about the source of material we use. This not only can convince them, but also can help them understand more about what they interest in. The third reason is to enhance our credibility as a writer or researcher.To show how serious and important that this research to us, for example our research subject, objective, argument, ideas, experiment and so on. These are the three main reason that why we need to acknowledge the source. Original can be define as not only new but the very first or one of a kind. From my understanding, original means some object, thing that created by ourselves. It also mean the beginning of something. For example, as an artist, use to create my own anima character when I was free. I will get some references about how my character should act like.Let's say my character are standing, then I will follow those standing reference for my character. The output would be different because with my own art style it will look totally original by me. 4. What have you learnt from the exercise on abstraction? From the abstraction question 1, I had learnt how to think differently and see things from different angle. The meaning and message will change when we change another angle to understand the problem, it can change the tone of our thoughts from negative to positive. This is how those successful people thoughts.For example, create a AD vie w of the word â€Å"HI†, below is the image. As you can see, there are different be;men a, b, c, and d; a is opposite of c, the shape of b and d is same, but b is red color and d is black color. This show that a tiny changes will always bring different. Just like what Richard Bach said â€Å"A tiny change today brings a dramatically different tomorrow'. This is what I had learnt from the abstraction question 2. From the abstraction question 4, there are 2 different things that I learnt when I created an abstract kaleidoscope pattern; one is from Photos, another one is from Sony Vegas 13. . In Photos, I had learnt how to find he Photos tree brush to help me reduce the time on design the abstract art. Then, adding some sketches and TV noise effect on my abstract art. In Sony Vegas 13. 0, I had learnt how use front and side mirror effect to reflect my abstract art. After I reflected it, I added glowing light effect to make it like moving. In last step, is to change the color by using color correction. In my conclusion, had gain new knowledge from abstraction question 2 and 4 which are â€Å"think in different angle† and â€Å"some technical knowledge† in Sony Vegas 13. And Photos. 5. We have also discussed in 3-4 tutorials, what factors would attract the argent audience's attention and leaves them with a wow feeling. Identify these factors and how they are achieved from: a) The activities related to the handout on self-promotion In self-promotion section, we are requested to create a magazine cover that can convey message to the audience. My group are created a magazine cover about Christmas. We separated few step to achieve our goal.First, is to observe competitor's magazine cover, to analysis how they create the magazine, in what kind of style. From our observation and analysis we noticed that most of the Christmas magazine cover is more to the realistic ND warm feeling image. It looks normal and a bit boring with this kind of style, there fore we decide to change it to illustration style. We arranged different kind Of item to form a red Christmas tree on a simple white color layout to catch people attention from different kind of magazine. The spacing and color will emphasis the red Christmas tree.Our objective is to bring back audience childhood's memory and to convey audience to celebrate Christmas with their family. In this section, we learnt how to use the correct art style to promote the product and use the right image to convey message to audience. ) The activities related to the handout on brainstorm (for our clients) In brainstorm section, we are requested to help our client to solve their problem. My group are help a fashion customer to promote his new fashion brand named â€Å"SPACE†. At first, We are trying to understand our client company and his competitor.Then we will discuss with him about his requirement on promoting the brand, such as budge, printing media promotion, location of the printing m edia, the style of promotion, TV advertisement promotion, discount and etc. Based on the data we collect, we will try to search the related information and get some inspiration to create a ester. Based on this section, we learnt how to communicate and handle our client. It is important to do some survey or interview to our client, because sometime our client do not tell us what they really want or need, they confuse and do not understand what kind of information that graphic designer need. . What do you think fun, sustainable design and interactivity mean? Fun, sustainable design and interactivity can define as something that not only can entertain user, but also can deliver the message to user in creative way. With these fun, interactivity and sustainable design, will leave deep impression in the audience mind. User will remember it forever. For example, a horror website game named ‘the house†, this game is created by SHANGHAI. The house is a Flash horror point and clic k games. Player can experience the scary feeling in horror house by just clicking the item in rooms.It is fun and interesting. Remember the first time I play this game is in high school, it really leave me deep impression, until now I still remember this game. In conclusion, a design that include fun, interactivity and sustainable design will always leave deep impression for the audiences. 7. What have you learnt from the various topics covered in the syllabus? Elaborate on three which have impressed you the most. DAIS, design thinking and the process of creating an abstracting art is the things that had learnt.DAIS is one of the method that similar to the previous critique method that I learnt in History of Art. As method before in the question 1, DAIS is a process to gather information and collect data from critique artworks, images or photos. It includes description, analysis, interpretation and judgment. The reason why remember it is because we have discuss DAIS for few times an d we have use DAIS method to solve problem. Design thinking is the second method that always being discuss in lass or compare with DAIS in exercise.I had used this method for my final year project, it is very useful and it guide me a way to solve some of the final year question, therefore it leave deep impression for me. The third thing I learnt in this syllabus is creating abstraction art. The reason why it impressed me the most is because had created an abstract artwork by using Photos and Sony Vegas 13. 0. The process when creating that kaleidoscope pattern is really fun and enjoy. Experiment different effect like changing the color, adjusting the glowing lights effect and editing mirror affliction, this process is like expressing my feeling in art.As a designer or a creator, We should enjoy the process on creating something rather than outcome. In Bruce Man's quote, he mention that â€Å"Process is more important than outcome. When the outcome drives the process we will only ev er go to where we've already been. If process drives outcome we may not know where we're going, but we will know we want to be there. † In my conclusion, DAIS, design thinking and the process of creating an abstract art are method and technique skill that I learnt in this syllabus. Both method an be used in any others subject and can use it to solve the problem in future.

Parental Control

Parenting during childhood is about nurturing and taking care of the child’s simple needs. The parent is the one in complete control, when the child becomes an adolescent; they need a feeling of their own independence. The goal is for the adolescent to gradually be treated as an adult individual with an equal balance of power between parent and child(). When a child becomes an adolescent their needs grow to fit their new maturity and environment. They have social developed, in which their psychological needs come into play, competence, relatedness, and autonomy (Kakihara & Tilton-Weaver, 2009). To grow these needs, parent control has to be open and supportive of the adolescent. The authoritarian parent demands for perfection and is unresponsive to the child’s needs. The child may feel neglected and distant from their parent. They may also feel overly pressured to meet the high standards set by the authoritarian parent. Permissive parents are the opposite, as in they have very low standards for achievement and have no rules for order. The parent acts in a laissez-faire manor, in which they allow the child to do as they please, without any discipline or praise for their actions. Typically, children raised by permissive parents fail to mature into adolescence and tend to lack respect for the rules of society (Fite, Stoppelbein, & Greening, 2009). Ultimately, passive parents become more liberal parents resulting from the continual defiance and rebellion that their adolescent children express towards their parenting efforts (Keijsers, Frijins, Branje, & Meeus, 2009). The goal is to be a combination of authoritarian and permissive, which is referred to as an authoritative parent. The authoritative parent is highly supportive, and takes time to explain to the child why they may have been punished for their actions (Fite, Stoppelbein & Greening, 2009). In addition to the authoritarian, authoritative and permissive styles of parenting, each parent also has a particular style of parental control. The two main styles of parental control are behavioral and psychological. The authoritarian parent favors controlling the adolescents’ behavior by setting limits, enforcing rules, in an overbearing way. The other type of control, psychological, is the parent using feelings and emotions to control them without the adolescent realizing. (Keijers, Frijns, Branje, Meeus, 2009). In an act to prevent adolescents from delinquency and following the â€Å"wrong crowd† parents try to seek information from the child without making them feel belittled. For delinquency to be prevented, parent involvement must be present, as well as the adolescent’s willingness to listen. When parents fail to react as a supportive parent, they run the risk of their child reacting in a reckless and careless manor. In a study done by Keijsers, Frijins, Branje, and Meeus (2009), noted that adolescent delinquent activities were stronger in families with high levels of parental support. A significant part of raising an adolescent is trusting the child to confide in them (2009). The way parents track their child at the age of adolescents depends a great deal on the amount of information in which the child discloses. The adolescent has greater control of what they are willing to admit, and the relevancy of it. Parents are often unaware of their child’s social life and after school activities. The less the child is willing to share the more the parent may be forced to believe they’ve been engaging in delinquent activities. In the case that this is true, perhaps the child is fearful of disclosing disappointing information. Peer influence plays a major role in the adolescent’s development. Much of their time is spent with friends during this time of development. Whether or not the parent takes part in controlling who they associate with and what they do depends on the supervision*. The relationships adolescents create are the people they will spend a majority of their time with. These are the friends that will they’ll want to impress, feel accepted by, and eventually become their most influential source of approval (Trucco, Colder, & Wieczorek, 2011). Children linked to a misbehaving group that have trouble following authority are more likely to be the child of a laissez-faire parent. The laissez-faire parent gives their child no means of rules or discipline, so when the child is put in a school like environment they’ll have no respect for the rules or consequences (Trucco, Colder, & Wieczorek, 2011). However, parents who don’t approve of their child’s relationships should first get to know their friends before making judgments. Adolescents hold their friendships very highly, a parent forbidding the child to see their friend may result in backlash of problem behaviors (Kakihara & Tilton-Weaver, 2009). Withhold info References

A poet that is very aware of transience Essay

We also see the loss of innocence in ‘Tear’, which is another memory from Kinsellas childhood about the time he lost his grandmother. This poem is very vivid and you can imagine you were right there in the room with him through it all. It was for that exact reason that I did not like ‘Tear’ as I found it emotional to the stage of disturbing, reminding me of the first person I lost who was close to me. The way he describes his reluctance to say goodbye to his grandmother is understandable, but I do not like how he describes her. â€Å"Drying mud†. I think that insulting someone who has passed is wrong and shouldn’t be done, even in poetry for imagery. I also dislike the how he says â€Å"smell of disused organs and sour kidney† as if the body was already rotting. Those along with the idea that it is more favourable to him to â€Å"kiss the damp† than his dying relative has caused me to strongly dislike this poem. However even though this poem is not for my tastes, the imagery is clear and the depiction of the pain that is experienced and loss of innocence that is lost when a relative close to you dies is very obvious in this poem. You can tell that the boy in the poem will not leave as the same person who entered. â€Å"Old age can digest anything. † He has been forever changed by his run in with death now that he is old enough to understand it, rather than when he was too young and his sister died. His â€Å"Child-animal grief† shows us this. I really liked studying Kinsella’s poetry even though I couldn’t relate to a lot of the themes that his poetry deals with, such as the negative effects of aging. However there was others that I could like how the dead haunt the present and how memories haunt us. I may be too young to have a lot of experience with getting â€Å"haunted† but there are a few things that, try as I might, cannot forget and I can relate to Kinsellas poetry in that way. He has shown that he is a thoughtful person and thinks about family and friends even when working. I love how he can so clearly depict thing that happened to him back when he was as young as 7 or 8 and I hope that I can do that too when I am older. Kinsella’s acceptance with death is inspiring and showed me that even when our body grows old and good looks are a thing of the past, you can still continue to carry yourself with pride and grace. It is for these reasons and many more that I have enjoyed studying Kinsella for my leaving cert course, and I plan to look further into his work when I have time after it. He is definitely a poet that I will try to remember when I am an old woman.

Dreams from my father By Barack Obama Term Paper

Dreams from my father By Barack Obama - Term Paper Example Actually, mixed heritage presents many challenges and unanswered complexities to the people and President Obama shrewdly explored many of those complexities, while taking care to present the facts to the common public after interpreting them in his own unique way. President Obama’s mother was a white American and his father was a black man who had come to America all the way from Kenya. That is why, mixed heritage raised interesting questions for him related to race, and as he grew up, his curiosity for finding an answer also strengthened. President Obama naturally gravitated towards the African half of his identity as he grew up, despite having the privilege of living with his white American mother and maternal grandparents. This shows that race impacts an individual in a phenomenal way and no person can remain uninfluenced from his/her racial background, because racial background is a stark reality which plays a major role in making the identity of a person. President Obama has offered the readers a broad range of thoughtful meditations on race and inheritance with special regards to his own racial background and racial experience while growing up in America. President Obama has also presented his views regarding whether a person who is half-black, like himself, should accept America’s designation of black people or not. ... The significance of father in the building up of that foundation can not be underestimated. Fathers serve as tutors and counselors. They are to be idealized. They are both successful themselves and also serve as a constant source of motivation for us to be successful. Obama says that if we conduct our self analysis as men, we shall come to realize why our society lacks too many fathers. In fact, the fathers are there, but they are behaving like boys rather than responsible men. The weakness of the foundations of family in the contemporary society can fundamentally be attributed to this fact. This, according to Obama, is specifically true for the African American community. It is a fact that a vast majority of the African American children are brought up by a single parent. Obama compares his own case to the people without fathers in the society in general in these words: I know what it means to have an absent father, although my circumstances weren't as tough as they are for many you ng people today. Even though my father left us when I was two years old †¦ I was luckier than most. †¦ I screwed up more often than I should've, but I got plenty of second chances. And even though we didn't have a lot of money, scholarships gave me the opportunity to go to some of the best schools in the country. A lot of kids don't get these chances today. There is no margin for error in their lives. So my own story is different in that way. (Obama cited in Shepherd). 3. What is the key role that mistakes play in his decision making? Obama has been committing a lot of mistakes in the childhood. He says that he used to be very mischievous and would be mostly found in the principal’s office. Teachers used to teach him to

The mechanism of learning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The mechanism of learning - Assignment Example At its most basic level, this method of processing and storing is 'rote learning'. But not everything is learnt by rote alone; people learn by 'understanding' as well. This is because the brain forms constructs or patterns out of the processed information. As more information is processed, not only are new constructs created, but they are linked to existing ones. This is how people make 'sense' out of new information. This is how children make the transition from rote-learning to learning-by-understanding. Moreover, research in psychology shows that not all people make 'sense' out of learning the same way. A teacher who believes that students learn in one particular manner, and teaches accordingly, would end up 'teaching' only those students who learn in that manner; the students who have different learning abilities will stand to lose for no fault of theirs (Petty, 2004, chap. 1). This difference in learning abilities of students and the customisation of teaching methods that incorp orates this difference is termed Differentiation (Petty, 2004, p. 541). This essay will explore a few concepts of learning, a few teaching methods that benefit students with different learning abilities, and how some barriers in teaching and learning can be overcome. It will also look at a few strategies that help assess teaching and learning. right-brain and left-brain processors. ... When people learn, they show preferences in the usage of the two parts of the brain. Right-brain processors learn through images, and they prefer to be given the whole picture. They have to know how a particular subject fits into the larger frame of things, to feel comfortable while learning. Contrastingly, left-brain processors prefer verbal teaching and like to break down the subject into smaller, logical bits. They like structure and order, preferring to piece the bits together in a logical sequence to create the big picture. This dichotomy can prove to be a problem. Right-brain processors will display 'learning difficulties', if they are taught exclusively verbally and sequentially, which is the most common method of teaching used. Petty says that the best learning, results from teaching methods that cater to both right and left brain processors because "right- and left-brain approaches are not interchangeable alternatives, [but] are complimentary." (2004, pp. 142-146) visual, auditory and kinaesthetic (vak) learning styles. Just like how people prefer different methods of processing information inside the brain, people also have preferences for accepting information through the senses, namely, visual, auditory and kinaesthetic. Visual learners like to learn through images, charts, videos, mind maps, models, and they are mostly right-brain processors. Auditory learners like to learn through teacher-talk, lectures, seminars and they are mostly left-brain processors. They prefer information that is logical and sequential. Kinaesthetic learners learn through touching, feeling and doing things by themselves; they prefer hands-on experience, like making models, using tools and computers, doing a demonstration for other students, dismantling a device and

Study of Consumer Buying Behavior towards cars Essay

Study of Consumer Buying Behavior towards cars - Essay Example Internal environment analysis through SWOT method 5. External environment analysis through PESTLE Method 6. Research and Methodology 7. Data Collection and Sampling 8. Analysis and interpretation of the report 9. Suggestions and Recommendations Executive Summary The automobile business today is among the most lucrative industry. Because of the increase in disposable earnings in both rural and urban sector and easy finance made accessible to all class of people by the financial institutes, the domestic car prices have elevated by 60% in March 2011-12 compared to the previous year. Several new players like Toyota, Nissan, Ford, and BMW are all set to venture within the Oman marketplaces heating up the competition further. One major element that may assist the businesses is advertisement and study of the customer perception about the product. This paper conducts a depth research on the customer’s notion of various cars in the Oman market and determines the key factors which influ ence the sale of each vehicle. The importance of selecting the Oman marketplace is explained within the introduction. The literary section reviews about common market perceptions methods. A general overview of the few branded vehicles famous in Omen is offered. An in depth study was carried out amongst various classes of individuals who've the power to determine what car to buy. The outcomes are analyzed using the various empirical ways to determine the factual results. Based on the study conducted, suggestions to the chosen brand names are framed. Determining just how much the customer wishes to recommend the vehicle they are using for other people is a vital factor in figuring out the quality of the vehicle as well as the consumer satisfaction. Research on this information can help the companies produce better goods and improve their sale considerably. The study will monitor the consumer purchasing behaviour in a detailed way with reference to various cultural, political and physi cal aspects. Introduction Measuring this customer satisfaction or customer notion will help in enhancing the long run products and increasing the net profit for the business. Sufficient research on consumer buying conduct is important to complete exactly the same. The research of customer conduct is the understanding of how individuals behave within the buy scenario. The task of marketer is to satisfy and fulfil target customers requirements and wants. But, â€Å"knowing customer" is not an easy job. Understanding the buying behaviour of the target market for its business products is an important job for the marketing department. Any person satisfied with a product’s quality, suggests it to others. Word of mouth and consumer satisfaction play an important function in figuring out market opinion about any product, particularly an automobile like car. It is this marketplace perception that decides the achievement of a company and so it is extremely important for the car manufa cturers to study the present customer’s satisfaction and their opinion on recommending it to others. The views of existing owners of an automobile are extremely essential for new clients because it assists them in making the correct purchase decision. To understand the concept of buying perception the project highlights the factors that influence the purchasing choice of a customer. The most important factors under consideration would be 1. The cost

Business and Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business and Globalisation - Essay Example A third reason is the arrival of the information age, with computers and the internet which means that people and businesses can receive instant news about developments all across the world. New links, for example between raw material suppliers, manufacturers and markets for finished products can be spotted, created and managed very easily. Some people think that it is a very positive phenomenon, for example Dehasa (2006) who believes that this increased circulation of goods across the world will be a win-win situation, and that everyone will make money from it. Others see that there are also disadvantages, for example Steglitz (2002) who points out that when a small business, or a community which depends on one or two main products comes into a much bigger market, then it has very little control over what happens in that market. In countries like Colombia, for example, with its dependence on coffee production through the first half of the twentieth century, exporting their goods was a great benefit for a while, so long as the price of coffee was high and people in other countries wanted to buy it. There are problems, however, when for example competition grows and the price drops, or when major buyers get involved in war, for example, and the demand is suddenly no longer there. This kind of event can be absorbed in a bigger and more diverse business field, but it can be devastating to smaller or tightly focused business areas. There is also a significant inequality between developed countries, who often set the quality standards and the prices, and less developed countries, who have very little choice in the deals that are set up. A further dimension of globalisation is the effect that it has on the world’s resources, and this includes both materials for production, and the environment in which these materials are produced. Some resources, like the hardwood forests of the Amazon, are limited in size and the destruction of rainforests may bring short ter m gains for businesses, both in South America and in the countries where their trading partners are, but there will be longer term effects which are potentially serious for the whole world. When business is international, crossing national boundaries and involving transnational organisations and multi-national companies, then it is often hard to see who should be responsible for the effect on the planet. Many companies have good ethical policies which prevent extreme damage from occurring, but there are also many others which exploit scarce resources with no thought for the consequences on the earth, or on local people. One of the ways that these issues can be addressed is to combine globalisation with sustainable development. This can work with renewable resources like wood, but it is not a solution for finite resources like oil and some rare minerals and metals. If a business wants to take advantage of globalisation, then it must make very careful preparations before launching int o a big venture. People use terms like â€Å"the global village† to refer to the way that the world is increasingly connected, but very often there are huge cultural differences that make true communication very difficult (Brysk, 2000). A good example of this is the

Success in its contemporary overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Success in its contemporary overview - Essay Example This involves accomplishment of the set aim and purpose and this is accompanied by a favorable outcome of the relevant underlying action taken. On the other perspective but ascribing to the above assertion is that success is the growth development and the improvement of an individual becoming better than before. In general I can assert that success means for an individual to be able to achieve what he or she has set to do or accomplish. The person whom I consider to be successful is the Barrack Hussein Obama. Barrack Obama is the current president of the United States of America. Barrack Obama being the first black president in the history of America attributes him to being not only a successful politician but also a successful campaigner. The success of president Barrack Obama is greatly attributed to his successful accomplishments he has achieved in USA for the first term he is about to complete. Obama was able to pass the universal health care bill whereby he was able to accomplis h what other presidents like George Bush and Bill Clinton had unsuccessfully tried to pass. Secondly is that Obama successfully prevented the second great economic depression which was looming hat the time he took over leadership from the republican George Bush, he did this successfully by passing the economic stimulus along other innovative policies adopted by the federal governments. Obama has been able to successfully end the war in Iraq by reducing the number of American forces in Iraq. By ending the war the Obama government has been able to do away with the costly and misguided war with no clear purpose and aim. Since the Obama government took over leadership, the president has been able to make a good international image and the perception of USA. He has successfully repaired the bad image by enhancing the relationship with other influential foreign powers across the world. Obama has successfully brought reforms in the United States Judicial system by successfully appointing t wo Supreme Court justices. Also it is notable that Obama has successfully brought financial reforms in the various American industrial sector as well as the educational reforms. With these few notable evidence which attributes Obama being a successful leader and a politician, there are many more which relates to the same. From this it can be asserted that Obama is one of the successful politicians who will be remembered in the American history. In my opinion success cannot be perceived to be spectacular but it is evident in an individual’s life. Therefore whatever goal or objective that one desires is facilitated by the success determinants which are universal in regard to the success of an individual. These determinants are the inner qualities and powers that are required for the achievement. The first one is the individual’s ability to make appropriate decisions quickly in regard to what is supposed to be achieved. Secondly is the strong desire that is required as a driving force towards success. This is complimented by the will power which is the boosting morale in cases of anticipated failures. The level of concentration also matters and this is the individual’s ability to concentrate on the goals and objectives on what is to be done. Another determinant is the set visions which guides and motivates the individuals towards success. Finally regards to self-discipline and persistence where and individual to succeed must have a set of code and ethics that acts as guidance through ought the road to success. The person identified is a CEO of his own company which is has its operations all over the country. The person also owns other investments as shares in numerous profit making companies notably in various sectors of the economy. He defines success as the ability of the individual to

Public Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Public Administration - Essay Example Other contract based facilities housed a total of 12,558 inmates according to the latest statistics (BOP, 2012). A majority of the offenders are confined in correctional facilities and detention centers run by the Bureau while the rest are confined in local and private correctional facilities in accordance with the agreements entered into by these institutions with the BOP. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) aims to safeguard the interests of the society by confining offenders in controlled environments of prisons and other correctional facilities which are safe, cost-effective and secure and which offer the inmates an opportunity to strive for self-improvement and become law-abiding citizens post their term. However, the prison system in the U.S. despite its noble mission is plagued with several setbacks such as overcrowding, racial and ethnic disparities, persistence of unhealthy living environment of the inmates, issues related to health and inmate care, insufficient staffing, et c among others (Department of Justice, 2012). Key Policy Issues: The American Prison system has persistently faced the problem of overcrowding resulting in a rapid deterioration of conditions of confinement for the prisoners, rise in staffing issues, and a significant negative impact on the state budget. According to Sidlow and Henschen (2008) one of the key causes responsible for overcrowding in American prisons is the war on drugs and the legislations following the same. In a desperate move by the government to curb illegal substance abuse laws regarding incarceration of the offenders were strengthened, which ultimately resulted in a rapid rise in number of inmates arrested for the said offence. The rise in number of inmates in turn lead to a subsequent rise in budget spending required for construction and maintenance of correctional facilities as well as staffing. According to latest statistics America holds the record for housing the world’s largest number of inmates and the highest per capita rate of incarceration (The Economist, 2012). The excessive incarceration rates in the country triggered a humanitarian crisis due to ever increasing prisoners and shortage of space. Another persistent problem faced by the prison system is the racial and ethnic disparity in incarceration. The wide racial divide is far more apparent in the American justice system with African Americans having the largest incarceration rates and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders as the lowest (Hartney & Vuong, 2009; Mauer, 2009). Comprehensive Review: For the purpose of this study three articles are reviewed which are discussed below: 1. Dead or Alive? The Federalism Revolution and Its Meaning for Public Administration by Robert K. Christensen, Charles R. Wise Prisons in the United States operate under laws framed by the respective states and the offenders are punished and incarcerated in accordance with the laws applicable under their jurisprudence. However, a clash between state and federal laws, may significantly influence the decision making by the public managers and affect the system of public administration in general. The authors have cited the historical 2005 Raich decision whereby the court held that "federal controlled Substances Act did not exceed the Congress's power to prohibit the use of medicinal marijuana, which was otherwise legal under the California law" (Christensen & Wise,

English101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English101 - Essay Example You meet this type of friends in school, gym or while travelling. You might also not remember how they look like once you not meet them for a short period of time. This type of friends will not have much of an impact on your life. You do not miss them when they are away from you. You generally do not object their company and will like to have a cup of tea or coffee with them. But if you are in the midst of some work you don’t mind parting with their company. One may know this type of friends throughout their school career, but they might never talk to each other outside their school. These friends are nice to talk to but you never intend to have anything more relationship with them. You just talk with them and then go on your merry way. You talk with them on common topics like hobbies or classes. And you don’t talk with them about your personal life. These types of friends may also irritate you the most. As you think that you are supposed to behave in a friendly manner with them you may not point out some of their bad habits such as taping the fingers on a table or chewing gum loudly. A guest friend is also known as a former friend. These are the friends who grew up with you in your neighbourhood and then moved away. These are the friends with whom you spend much of a time of your childhood. These friends form a major part of your enjoyment during the childhood days. You would love their company any time. These friends will bring memories about your childhood days. You might get embarrassed on first seeing these friends. But as the conversation starts between you, you seem to love it and will like to spend more amount of time with them. You may miss them once in a blue moon when somebody makes you to realise that you are adult and you cannot behave in a manner you used to behave during your childhood days. You would always like to meet these types of friends and they are closer to you than the pest friends. The relationship between you is

Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

Christmas Carol Essay The light represents a sense of alertness to show that Scrooge has done great harm and hope. This quote also opens the sight to the audience of Scrooges past time and why he is the way he currently is. The Cratchits are an example of the impoverished people who, Dickens felt, were very honest. The poor people were never too worried about getting more than enough but just wanted something decent to live on. The clothes they whore were past down from parents or older siblings. The food was shared equally so that no one would be left too hungry, all these actions make the poor increase their love for each other. Dickens shows this when: There was nothing very cheerful in the climate( ) Yet there was an air of cheerfulness abroad This quote shows that even though the weather and atmosphere was very dull, the Cratchits still were happy for the sake of Christmas. This shows that Dickens is emphasizing that the poor had good characters, because they made the most of what they could and hardly complained whilst on the other hand the rich werent so graceful. Dickens clearly shows that the rich are greedy and do what will benefit them so they live in a crafty way to get more money. The rich do more and more to feel satisfied but they still want more which leaves them with corrupt lives. In this manner the rich never see the real wonder and beauty of life. This is shown by Dickens through the character of Scrooge when Scrooge has never been to Bob Cratchits house. Here he sees how the Cratchits, despite being very poor, can be happy at Christmas. Bob and Mrs. Cratchit struggle because their family is large: there are six children. Scrooge sees how frail Tiny Tim is and asks the Spirit if he will live. The ghost tells him that unless something changes in the future, the child will die. This makes Scrooge feel bad and some emotions in Scrooges feelings are shown. Later on in this stave the Ghost of Christmas Present takes Scrooge to Freds house. Fred is having a party and Scrooge is brought by the spirit to see and hear it to show him the benefit of a warm family life and that money could be used to share love and happiness. Scrooges nephew Fred says: his offences carry their own punishment. This quote shows that whoever does evil, then evil will come back to him, in this case Scrooge has no care for the poor and so he is punished by being lonely with no family or friends. It also shows how Fred does not have any ill feelings towards his uncle. This quote suggests that Dickens felt that the rich werent always happy and secure because of their possessions but needed respect for who they were, to be happy. Fred is a very generous rich man and Dickens shows that not every rich person was selfish and greedy but some were kind and caring. Dickens shows you could be rich of love and happiness with family and friends, even for the poor. Dickens explains this through the character of Fred when we are told: Scrooge is to be pitied, not despised. He is rich but his money does him no good This quote shows that the rich were not always seen as the mighty, glorious people in the Victorian times but some were seen as being very low. The second part of the quote clearly emphasizes that money couldnt buy everything. But in some circumstances money was a hindrance. Dickens also shows us that having all the money and wealth in the world cannot make you as joyous as being generous and kind. Dickens emphasizes this in his novel through the character Mr. Fezzywig, who is a very generous rich man, who had great love and joy. At this point in the novel, Scrooge is more emotional about how he has treated other people. He finds out that the Cratchits are happier than he had assumed but are suffering severely especially Tiny Tim. He finds out the truth of how his nephew really feels about him. However he knows that he has one more journey to go to and that is the future. The Ghost of Christmas future brings a sense of fear into the scenes, because of the way he only points but doesnt speak and his head is covered with a hood. The phantom slowly, gravely, silently approached This shows that Dickens was very serious about the issues of poverty and that he wanted everyone to know how horrific it was to be so greedy and not give anything to the poor. The quote shows us that something dreadful is to come. Similarly Dickens criticizes the rich who do not give to the poor by saying that they will have no one to care for them when they are feeble. Dickens shows this when the old woman says: I thought hed never die. This quote shows that Dickens is emphasizing how desperate people will be to get rid of such selfish, tight fisted people who have no care for others. The quote has a very strong message because it illustrates how worthless money can make a person. Dickens shows this worthlessness of money if not used properly can make a rich person worthless. This is shown when: Its likely to be a very cheap funeral This quote shows that people did not care about this person who has died. Dickens message here is that no matter how rich you are, you will not be worth a penny if you are careless and greedy. Scrooge gets scared and worried of what he sees. Scrooge shows lots of emotion, this is shown with: In his agony he caught the spectral hand. This quote shows that Scrooge has become very feeble of his feelings because he has finally realized how dreadful of a person he has been. Dickens uses agony to show the amount of pain and misery a greedy persons death would be. In conclusion, Scrooge learned that money isnt everything and that being generous and respectful to others is the most important thing. Scrooge also learns that family and friends come before money and business. In the following century society had many improvements such as benefits for the elderly and disabled. Most of these improvements were made into society after World War 2. This was mainly due to that in the world war, both the poor and rich fought together as one nation. Therefore the rich got to know the poor better and money was shared to provide for all the people so they could help in the war. Food rations were one of these schemes, so the world wars had a huge impact on how society was treated. In the modern society we live in there are many changes due to everybody contributing such as taxes. However in the Victorian times society was very closed and the message Dickens was trying to get over was that everyone should help each other whether poor or rich. There are many modern day Scrooges we can refer to even though its been over a century since Dickens era. However the Scrooges we can refer to in this century have been the more clever, sneaky ones. An example of this is when DNA was discovered. The men who were seen as discoverers were Watson and Crick. However the real people behind the scenes actually made this discovery but the credit and glory was all given to Watson and Crick. Unlike in Dickens times, the modern societys can get hold of money easily but nowadays it is more about pride and glory. Similarly of how poverty was present in Victorian England it still exists in the third world such as Africa but the Scrooges are known as the politicians however the poor are still the public.

Adolf Loos Design Culture Essay Example for Free

Adolf Loos Design Culture Essay There are, or were, better arguments than Loos’s against the misuse of ornament. It could be considered morally dubious, because it is a means of showing off ones wealth. That historical argument was made in the days when hand-crafted decorations were very expensive, but it no longer applicable, now that ornament can be machine-made at a modest cost. In any case, good ornamentation has never been valued solely as ostentation; traditionally, it has also been seen to have real aesthetic merit. Sometimes, excessive ornamentation could be said to be unaesthetic; and in my perspective, some extreme art creations fall into this error. Art plays a particularly important and influential role in culture. It does not simply reflect culture; it creates culture. By studying ornamentation in different periods of design history, we can understand more about how it has manifested itself and why it is a vital part of our history. Window displays, if used effectively, can bring retailers new customers, create customer loyalty, and enhance the image of the business. By decorating and furnishing the display windows, retailers can attract more customers into their stores, increase the sales and revenue, because the majority of purchase decisions are made on impulse. Window displays continue to have a massive influence even until now. It is one of the most important tools to draw customers’ attention. Even from an economic perspective, ornamentation is not necessarily a waste of labour, money, and materials. The 19th century definitely is the century of decorative arts. At the beginning of the century, the arts were ornamental subjects in the education of young ladies and gentlemen. Artistic accomplishments were displayed in pleasing social performances that appeared effortless but demonstrated good taste and ideal values, knowledge, and skills. Art education was one component of a process of secular refinement that spread from the wealthy to the middling sort and included the beautification of houses, churches, as well as school buildings. The art of interior decoration and design was at the same time intimate and luxuriant. Loos argues that ornamentation is uncivilized and primitive, and would hinder the development of national culture. However, ornamentation meant more than just decoration at that time, and the acceptable use of ornament, and its precise definition became the source of aesthetic controversy in academic Western architecture, as architects and critics searched for appropriate styles. â€Å"A plain, functional form generally signified the often harsh necessities of work, and as such was tolerated in its place, but art, in the form of decoration and ornament, represented for many people a deep aspiration for a better life† (Heskett, 56). Ornamentation at that time brought not only the sense of beauty but also mentally content to its user. What do vehicles, vacuum cleaners, ironers, planes, and ships have in common? Obviously, the streamlined design. In the 20th century, streamlined design has evolved from a scientific to an ornamental purpose. While Loos argues that ornamentation is crime and designers should focus on functions, streamlined design actually improves the functionality and the durability of a product. The goal for the future is to improve aerodynamic efficiency by greatly reducing drag while maintaining and, wherever possible, increasing down-force† (Ferrari. com). As a result of using aerodynamic streamlined design, Ferrari has become one of the best hyper-sport car brands in the world for fifty years, best known for its speed and handling. â€Å"In fact, Fordism turned the factory into a kind of super-machine in its own right, with both human and mechanical parts† (Wollen, P66). Fordism is the economic period that turned craftsmanship into the mass production of standardized objects. Under Fordism, production entailed an intensified division of industrial labor; increased mechanization and the coordination of large-scale manufacturing processes to achieve a steady flow of production, and shifted toward the using of less skilled labour. This system effectively reduces the costs of producing large quantities of products and, consequently, makes the sale price significantly lower than the craftsman’s. An ornament is not considered to be a prior-determined mask anymore, to create a significance, or, to have a certain meaning, as it was during the postmodern period. It does not have the role of concealing things, as it did in different historical periods before the modern period, when its existence was futile. A good example of modern design is a wall clock. A clock is meant to draw our attentions through its function. With a fancy design, it also serves as a decoration in the environment. But no matter how fancy the design is, a clock is always meant to be seen easily and quickly. Practical and ornamental designs oftentimes intersect. In those cases, the design elements involved can either work well together or hinder each other. Loos’s argument about decoration is degenerate and inherently criminal does not stand up. Given the time in he is writing, we can forgive Loss his racist assumptions about the black and the Papuans. However, his assertion that primitive people decorate themselves in tattoos so, therefore decoration must be a degenerate practice is completely unfounded and holds no weight at all. I appreciate modern design just as much, if not more than the ordinary person, but truth be told, I am not really interested in decoration.

Effect of Magnetic Field on Hydrodynamic Behavior

Effect of Magnetic Field on Hydrodynamic Behavior Effect of Magnetic Field on hydrodynamic behavior in a Microchannel Heat Sink Mohammad Nasiri 1*, Mohammad Mehdi Rashidi 2, 1 Department Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran 2 Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. ABSTRACT In this study, hydrodynamic behavior nanofluid (Fe3O4-water) in a MicroChannel Heat Sink (MCHS) with Offset Fan Shaped under magnetic field was numerically investigated. The two phase mixture model was used to simulate the nanofluid flow. Flow was assumed laminar, steady and incompressible. The effects of changing Reynolds number, power magnetic field, and nanoparticle diameter on fluid behavior are considered. The results show that the friction factor decreases and Nusselt number enhances whit rising Reynolds number. Whit increases intensity magnetic field the pressure drop, friction factor and Nusselt number increasing. The results indicate that non-uniform magnetic field has more effect on nanofluid behavior compare uniform magnetic field. Keywords Nanofluid; Microchannel heat sink; Magnetic field; Friction factor; Nusselt number Nomenclature ,z Cartesian coordinate axes Velocity component in x and y and z direction, respectively (m/s) (a,b) Center of magnetic wire (m) Velocity vector (m/s) 0 Velocity inlet (m/s) Acceleration vector (m/s2) Thermal conductivity (W/m K) Specific heat capacity at constant pressure Boltzmann constant (1.3806503ÃÆ'-10-23 J/K) Temperature (K) I Electric intensity (A) H Magnetic field intensity vector (A/m) Heat flux (1 MW/m2) Channel width (300ÃÆ'-10-6m) Hydraulic diameter (0.00001333 m) Channel length (2.70ÃÆ'-10-3m) Drag coefficient Mean velocity (m/s) Drift velocity (m/s) Slip velocity (m/s) d Mean diameter (nm) Nu= Nuselt number friction factor = Reynolds number Prandtlnumber Magnetic field (T) Greek symbols magnetic permeability in vacuum (4à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÆ'-10-7 Tm/A) Dynamic viscosity (kg/m s) Thermal expansion coefficient(thermal expansion coefficient (K-1) Density (kg/m3) Mean free path (17ÃÆ'-10-9 m) Magnetic susceptibility Particle volume fraction Electrical conductivity (s/m) Subscripts Particle Base fluid bw Bottom wall Effective Average Introduction Nanofluids has higher thermal conductivities compared to them base fluids [1-5]. Currently the use of nanofluids in thermal engineering systems such as heat exchangers [6-7], microchannels [8-10] , chillers, medical applications [11,12], and solar collectors [13]. Tsai and Chein[14] investigated analytically nanofluid (water-copper and nanotube)   flow in microchannel heat sink. They was found that optimum values of aspect ratio and nanofluid did not make conversion in MCHS thermal resistance. Kalteh et al. [15] investigated the laminar nanofluid flow in rectangular microchannel heat sink both numerically and experimentally. Compared the experimental and numerical results presented that two-phase Eulerian-Eulerian method results are in better accordance with experimental results than the single-phase modeling. The reasons experimentally   study by Azizi et al.[16] reported that Nusselt numbers decreases whit rising Reynolds number and enhancement heat transfer by using nanoparticles camper to that of pure water for similar Reynolds number. Sheikholeslami et al. [17] studied effect nanoparticle on heat transfer in a cavity square containing a rectangular heated body numerically. They indicated that using nanoparticle increasing he at transfer and dimensionless entropy generation. Micro channel heat sink (MCHS) using in many applications, such as microelectronics and high energy laser. MCHS cooling is very important because heat flux in this channel higher than regular channel. Many studies analyzed the convective heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in micro channel heat sink in recently many years ago[18-24]. Sakanova et al. [25] investigated effects of wavy channel structure on hydrodynamic behavior in microchannel heat sink. They found that increasing nanoparticles in pure water the effect of wavy wall unnoticeable. Radwan et al. [26] using nanofluid on heat transfer microchannel heat sink in low concentrated photovoltaic systems investigated numerically. They show that nanofluids is effective technique for enhance heat transfer. Tabrizi and Seyf [27] investigated laminar Al2O3-water nanofluid flow in a microchannel heat sink. They showed that increasing volume fraction of Al2O3 and nanoparticle size reducing the entropy generation. Chai et al. [28-30] studied hydrothermal characteristics of laminar flow microchannel heat sink with fan-shaped ribs. Their results presented that used the fan-shaped ribs the average friction factor 1.1-8.28 times larger than the regular microchannel, while used the offset fan-shaped ribs was 1.22-6.27 times increases. Also the microchannel with large ribs height and small ribs spacing, the frictional entropy generation rate increases and thermal entropy generation rate decreases comparing than the smooth microchannel. Magnetic fluid (ferrofluid) is a stable colloidal suspension consisting of a base liquid and magnetic nanoparticles that are coated with a surfactant layer and it can be controlled by external magnetic fields [31]. Sundar et al. [32-33] experimentally studied the heat transfer characteristic of Fe3O4 ferrofluid in a circular tube whit applied magnetic field. They detected that the heat transfer increases compared to water flow at same operating condition. Aminfar et al. [34-36] studied effect different magnetic field on ferrofluid for different channels. They showed that using the uniform and non-uniform transverse magnetic increasing heat transfer coefficient and friction factor. Also shown that non-uniform transverse magnetic enhanced heat transfer more than axial non-uniform magnetic field. In this study, the uniform and non-uniform transverse magnetic effect on heat transfer of ferrofluids flow in a microchannel heat sink with offset fan shaped by using mixture model. The effects of uniform and non-uniform transverse power magnetic fields, Reynolds number and nanoparticle diameter variation are studied in details. Governing Equations Researchers presented different models for numerical analysis in multi-phase flows [37-40]. The mixture model is one of methods for nanofluid analyses [38-41]. In this study, flow is assumed steady state, incompressible and laminar with constant thermo-physical properties. The effects of body forces and dissipation are negligible. Also, for calculate the density variations due to buoyancy force was used the Boussinesq approximation. Considering these assumptions, the dimensional equations define as: Continuity equations: (1) Momentum equations: (2) The term refers to Kelvin force; it results from the electric current flowing through the wire. In this equation, H is Magnetic field intensity vector that determined as [42]: (3) where (4) (5) I is electric intensity. The wire direction is parallel to the longitudinal channel and in the center of cross section at the (a, b). Also, M is the magnetization in Equation (2) and determined as [36]: (6) where is magnetic susceptibility of ferrofluid at 4% volume fraction for different mean diameter is present in Table 1. Table 1. magnetic susceptibility of ferrofluid for different mean diameter mean diameter magnetic susceptibility 10 0.34858668 20 2.7886935 30 9.4118388 In Equation (2), is called Lorentz force that determined as: (7) Where and are respectively effective electrical conductivity and nanofluid velocity vector, also is the induced uniform magnetic field that can be calculated by intensity of magnetic field: (8) Energy equation: (9) Volume fraction equations: (10) In Equation (10), Vm, and Vdr are the mean velocity and the drift velocity, respectively, that be defined as: (11) (12) where à Ã¢â‚¬   is the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The drift velocity depends on the slip velocity. The slip velocity defined as the velocity of base fluid (bf) with respect to velocity of nanoparticles (p) and determined as: (13) (14) The slip velocity is presented by Manninen et al. [31e]: (15) In Equation (15) f drag and r are drag coefficient and acceleration respectively, which can be calculated by: (16) (17) In Equation (16), Rep = Vmdp/veff is the Reynolds number of particles. Nanofluids Properties The physical properties of water and Fe3O4 nano-particles are shown in Table 2. The water-Fe3O4 nanofluidis assumed is homogenous that the thermos-physical mixture properties calculated for 4% volume fraction of nanoparticles. Table 2. Properties of base fluid and nanoparticles [35,40]. Properties Water Fe3O4 Density (kg/m3) 997.1 5200 Specific heat capacity (J/kgà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢K) 4180 670 Thermal conductivity (W/mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢K) 0.613 6 Electrical conductivity (s/m) 5.3 25,000 Dynamic viscosity (kg/mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢s) 0.0009963 The physical mixture properties are calculated by means of the following equations: Density of nanofluid: (18) Specific heat capacity of the nanofluid: (19) Dynamic viscosity of nanofluid [43]: (20) Thermal expansion coefficient of nanofluid [35]: (21) Electrical conductivity [36]: . (22) Based on the Brownian motion velocity is Thermal conductivity of nanofluid [44]: (23) dp and dbf are particle diameter(nm) and molecular base fluid (0.2 nm). In Equation (23) Pr and Re are Prandtl and Reynolds number, respectively defined as: (24) (25) Also, in Equation (25) is water mean free path (17 nm) and kB is Boltzmann constant (1.3807 ÃÆ'- 10à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢23 J/K). Deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nition of Physical Domain and numerical method Fig.1 shown the geometry of the microchannel heat sink with offset fan-shaped reentrant cavities in sidewall. The channel width and space between a pair cavity is 300 ÃŽÂ ¼m.The channel length is 2.70 mm with a thickness of 350 ÃŽÂ ¼m and the pitch distance of two longitudinal microchannels is 150 ÃŽÂ ¼m. The channel cross section heat sink has a constant width of 100 ÃŽÂ ¼m and constant depth of 200 ÃŽÂ ¼m and   radius of the fan-shaped reentrant cavity is 100 ÃŽÂ ¼m. a) b) c) Fig. 1. a) Geometry of microchannel in the present study b) Cross-sectional plane of transverse non-uniform magnetic field c) Transverse uniform magnetic field In this study, used the finite volume (FV) method to numerically solved non-linear partial differential equations. The velocity pressure coupling by SIMPLEC algorithm. The discretization of momentum and energy equations used the second order upwind scheme and the solid phase equations became discretization by first order scheme. In this study for evaluate of effect the mesh points on the precision of the results, several grid sizes have been tested for the constant heat flux at Re = 300 are given in Table 3. The 1188000 grids is adequately suitable. Table 3. Grid independent test (Re = 200,T0 = 300, 4% vol.). V/V0 T/T0 Grid 1.038 1.027 672914 1.029 1.019 889440 1.023 1.013 1188000 1.02 1.011 1591128 In order to validate this, the amount of mean temperature at the bottom of the microchannel compared by numerical result of Chai et al.[45](Fig.2). Also for comparison effect the magnetic field, the dimensionless velocity under the magnetic field compared by analytical results of Shercliff [46] that shown in Fig. 3 and can be seen a good agreement between results. Figure 2. Comparison of the results for average temperature bottom heat sink Fig.3 Comparison between numerical and analytical results for flow under magnetic field Boundary conditions The set of non-linear elliptical governing equations are solved by using the boundary conditions in the entrance of microchannel (Z = 0), u = 0; v = 0; w = v0 ; T = T0 (26) at the microchannel outlet (Z = 2.7 mm): ; u = 0; v = 0 ;P = Patm (27) In the left and right sides of microchannel outer adiabatic walls (X = 0 w): (28) In the microchannel inner walls: (29) (30) Finally, a constant heat flux condition is imposed at micro heat sink bottom wall (y = 0). Results and discussion The variations of pressure drop and Reynolds number for various transverse magnetic fields are shown in Fig. 3a. It can be seen that for a given fluid, the pressure drop increases by increasing the Reynolds number because rising the velocity inlet. As shown in Fig. 3b whit increases intensity uniform and non-uniform magnetic field in the same Reynolds number (Re=300), the pressure drop increases for non-uniform magnetic because the secondary flow near wall became larger and powerful. Also scale up particle diameter of 10nm to 30nm decreasing pressure drop (Fig. 3c). a) b) c) Fig. 3. Effects of various a) Reynolds number [H=6ÃÆ'-106, dp=30nm] b) power magnetic field gradients [Re=300, dp=30nm] c) particle diameter [H=8ÃÆ'-106, Re=300] on the pressure drop Fig. 4 presented streamlines for various magnetic fields at 0.0015à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ Z à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.002. As shown in Fig.4, when magnetic field is weak the streamlines same together because the magnetic field had not enough powerful for veer stream. By increases intensity magnetic field the nanofluid flow shift to near wall and thereupon the vortex in reentrant cavities became powerful Fig.5. Fig. 4. Stream lines in same Reynolds number (Re=300) and particle diameter [dp= 30nm] for a) non-magnetic field b) non-uniform magnetic field (H=6ÃÆ'-106 A/m) c) uniform magnetic field (H=6ÃÆ'-106 A/m) Fig. 5. Stream lines in same Reynolds number (Re=300) and particle diameter [dp= 30nm] for non-uniform magnetic field a) H= 6ÃÆ'-106 A/m c) H=8ÃÆ'-106 A/m The friction factor decreases as Reynolds number increases (Fig. 6a). The magnetic field cannot overcome viscous force and affect mean velocity when intensity magnetic field is low, therefor the friction factor is almost fixed for using magnetic and non-magnetic field. Whit increases intensity magnetic field the mean velocity decreases and while the pressure drop increases (Fig. 3.b); therefore, the friction factor increases at maximum intensity field (Fig. 6b). Also scale up particle diameter the main velocity and pressure drop decreases. The uniform transverse magnetic field is depended to velocity that whit decreasing velocity the uniform transverse effect decreases on flow, so friction factor rising (Fig. 6c). a) b) c) Fig. 6. Effects of various a) Reynolds number [H=6ÃÆ'-106, dp=30nm] b) power magnetic field gradients [Re=300, dp=30nm] c) particle diameter [H=8ÃÆ'-106, Re=300] on the friction factor Figure 7 shows the variations of average temperature bottom heat sink for different condition. Whit increasing Reynolds numbers the velocity increasing too and the vortex in reentrant cavities became bigger and powerful, thus average temperature bottom heat sink decreases (Fig. 7a). Effects of various power magnetic field gradients [Re=300, dp=30nm] on average temperature bottom heat sink presented in Fig. 7b. When the intensity magnetic field is weak cannot affect average velocity because cannot overcome viscous force. By strengthening the non-uniform transverse magnetic field the average velocity became larger and growth vortex in channel, therefore average temperature bottom heat sink reduces. Particle diameter rising, the non-uniform transverse magnetic had more effect than uniform transverse magnetic and non-magnetic on average temperature bottom heat sink (Fig. 7c). Whit scale up particle diameter decreasing thermal conductivity and heat transfer for when applied uniform transv erse magnetic because it independent of particle diameter. Figure 8 presented the variations of average Nusselt number for different condition. Nusselt number enhances with Reynolds number in

Holes by Louis Sachar - People Can do Extraordinary Things When Put to

People Can Do Extraordinary Things When Put To The Test "He thought only about each step when it came, and not the impossible task that lay before him. Higher and higher he climbed. His strength came from deep inside himself and also seemed to come from the outside as well." People can do extraordinary things when put to the test. The author of the book ‘Holes’, Louis Sachar packed this book with many difficult tests for his characters. However when put to the test, they achieved extraordinary results. In this book, Hector Zeroni (nicknamed ‘Zero’), the friend of the protagonist, Stanley, is determined to overcome his hurdle of not knowing how to read, Stanley is forced to dig large holes everyday in the sun, and Miss Walker (A.K.A., the Warden), using unkind and untruthful means, is desperate to find an outlaw’s treasure to uphold her family’s reputation and satisfy her greed. All these people, doers of good and bad, are put to the test. With determination and effort, they do extraordinary things. Hector was abandoned as a child. He was not taught to read or write, but wanted to learn. He asked Stanley to help him to learn to read. Hector asking for help in itself was extraordinary because he had to overcome any shyness or embarrassment that he might’ve had. Hector didn’t expect to learn to read quickly, but as well as being a fast learner, he never gave up. What Hector learnt in a month or two with Stanley, most children would more comfortably learn in a year or more. He was quite smart for having been given any schooling, but he wasn’t given credit for anything. As he said, â€Å"I’m not stupid. I know everybody thinks I am. I just don’t like answering their questions.† Because of his determination he lea... ...ing and clever in achieving this. These people were all faced with difficulties. They were put to the test and achieved extraordinary results. Kate Barlow had told Miss Walker’s Grandparents, â€Å"You and your children, and their children can dig for a hundred years, and you’ll never find it [the treasure].† Miss Walker was her Grandparent’s children’s child, and as the outlaw had said, none of them had found the treasure, even though it was found in her lifetime. She had built the camp out of greed, and it was through it that Stanley and Zero found the treasure. Through this camp, the things which occurred in the past of The Warden, Stanley and Hector, were resolved. It doesn’t matter whether you are good or bad, or do things for good or bad reasons. If you are tested, you achieve extraordinary results whether you succeeded or not in what you planned to do.

racism and prejudice Essay -- essays research papers

Racism and prejudice has been present in almost every civilization and society throughout history. Even though the world has progressed greatly in the last couple of decades, both socially and technologically, racism, hatred and prejudice still exists today, deeply embedded in old-fashioned, narrow-minded traditions and values. Racism is a case of ‘misplaced hate’ and ignorance, being not only discriminatory, but also seemingly foolish with disregard of all human commonsense. Why does racism still exist in today’s world? If it still occurs, has the world really progressed at all? Through extensive research methods and wide reading, it can be proven that racism is still present in the modern world. Racism is based on the belief that one’s culture is superior to that of others, and this racial superiority provides justification for discrimination. Racism begins with categorising by race, and therefore stereotyping particular cultures. A simple definition of prejudice given by St Thomas Aquinas states prejudice as â€Å"thinking ill of others without sufficient cause† (1. pg 21). Racism is a major issue in today’s society, affecting a large number of the world’s population and causing political and social turmoil. To evaluate the true meaning, effects and views concerning racism in today’s world, a number of literature sources were researched including novel, films, short stories, poetry, song lyrics, textbooks and magazine articles. â€Å"Black Like Me† written by John Howard Griffin is an excellently written novel, based on factual events experienced by the author himself. It is based in the 1950s, a time when racism was widespread throughout America. The basic outline of the story is the following of one man (Griffin) as he embarks on a journey that takes him to the ‘other side’. Griffin is a middle-aged white man, and decides to personally experience the life of a Negro. He achieves this by literally changing the pigmentation in his skin so that he is no longer white. Griffin moves to the deep southern states of America where he is subject to harsh racist treatment by the whites. By doing so, he experiences first hand the reality of racism and prejudice, almost to the point of disbelief. The story focuses on the lives of Negroes: restricted, brutal and harsh. â€Å"My skin was dark. That was sufficient reason for them to deny me those rights and freedoms without whi... ...wn comes under siege as racism rages within the community. The Klu Klux Klan is also featured in the film, a group that symbolizes hate. The eerie looking hoods in the film are a reminder of America’s dark past, and of current racist groups still present in society. Many of the characters in the film are stuck in old values and teachings, misplacing their hate towards the coloured. The film â€Å"Mississippi Burning† supports the hypothesis as it deals with society still living in the past and acting narrow-mindedly towards its fellow human beings. Within all of the texts mentioned, the theme of racism is present, just like in most of today’s societies. All of the researched sources deal with the effects of racism, the foolishness of it and the fact that it still exists in today’s modern and so-called advanced world. No matter how much social attitudes evolve, prejudice, hatred and racism will still exist within aspects of society, whether it be in the heart, in the mind or in the souls of those too ignorant to realize the damaging consequences. While technologically today’s world has advanced, if society cannot overcome issues such as racism and prejudice, it has not evolved at all.

Why I Want to be a Teacher Essay -- Education Teaching Essays

Why I Want to be a Teacher School is a major part of our young lives. It is where we spend the majority of our time as youngsters. Children begin to develop relationships with people who have not been apart of their infancy. For someone who does not enjoy school, this could put a damper on their relationships with others as well as their learning achievements in life. This is why I want to become a teacher. I want to develop a learning atmosphere where children feel joy and security. I believe that enjoying and feeling that one belongs is an important part of education. Yes, I used the word that makes some people shiver when heard, education. Education is often viewed as an institution where children are forced to go by government. Even though education is for the child’s own benefit, it is not seen that way through the eyes of the child that dislikes school. Some parents have difficulty sending their children because they believe that their child should be allowed to play and be worry free. Children should be able to play for a little while before faced with the reality of life and responsibility. A good teacher proves that education is more than learning subjects and facts. Education is developing character, understanding how to handle life’s little obstacles, and learning how to communicate with peers and others who come into our lives. Learning needs to be provided in a way that the child does not realize that they are forced to att end. The child should contain a desire to go. While being entertained through games the child is unaware that they are learning such skills as sharing, taking turns, and criteria crucial for future learning. I feel that it takes a special person to teach and realize t... ...ned and where their lecture left off was an impressionable role model to me. I knew this teacher cared whether we learned because they had put time into their lessons. I knew this teacher was not going to lose the paper I worked on all week. My classmates and co-workers have made fun of my organizational skills, but I am proud to say I learned organizational skills in school and it has helped me everyday of my life. I want to be a teacher because education is an important step in life. Teachers are the people who represent role models for young America. They help society maintain order and continue development. Teachers have the opportunity to change and influence a life. To make a difference they can look back on. As I further my education, I see the importance of a well-organized classroom and teacher. This is the backbone of a successful classroom.

Electronic Health Record Implementation Health And Social Care Essay

The passage from paper records to electronic wellness records has been a challenge in the province of Mississippi. This research survey will concentrate on electronic wellness record ( EHR ) preparedness of ague attention infirmaries in the province of Mississippi. The survey will turn to the factors associated with execution every bit good as the benefits, barriers and hazards. The survey will besides supply information as to the position of EHR execution in the province of Mississippi. Introduction. The Bush disposal mandated a call to action for the execution of electronic wellness records within a decennary in 2004. Healthcare suppliers were given a timeline for execution and the confidence that the authorities would be an active protagonist. In 2009, the Obama disposal outlined funding in the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act for EHR support. Suppliers must choose a system and seller that is certified by the Certification Commission for Health Information Technology ( CCHIT ) in order to measure up for federal support. With the 2014 deadline looming, some installations have non started the procedure of EHR choice and execution. In 2008, a comparable survey was performed measuring EHR preparedness in the province of Alabama. A self-completed study was mailed to 131 managers in the wellness information direction ( HIM ) section of Alabama infirmaries. Harmonizing to the research provided in the survey, of 91 reacting infirmaries ( 69 per centum response rate ) , merely 12.0 per centum have completed execution of EHRs ( Houser & A ; Johnson, 2008 ) . Background of the Problem. In 2004, President Bush called for widespread acceptance of the EHR within 10 old ages. Traveling from paper to EHRs has been a challenge for many infirmaries and doctors ‘ offices. Although attempts toward EHR execution started about two decennaries ago, the procedure has been slow ( Amatayakul, M. K. , 2007 ) . Harmonizing to a recent study on EHR advancement, the acceptance of EHRs â€Å" is non happening every bit quickly as hoped, † and the U.S. is dawdling in acceptance of EHRs ( Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2006 ; Powell, A. , October 12, 2006 ) . Recent studies suggested that EHR execution was between 17 to 24 per centum in doctors ‘ offices in an ambulatory attention puting ( Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2006 ; A Jha, A. K. , T. G. Ferris, K. Donelan, C. DesRoches, A. Shields, S. Rosenbaum, and D. Blumenthal, October 2006 ) . EHR usage in any format in hospital scenes was estimated to be 20 to 25 per centum, and the usage of computerized physician order entry ( CPOE ) was about 15 per centum ( Blumenthal, D. , March 2006 ) . Compared to urban infirmaries, EHR usage in rural infirmaries was less common ( Bahensky, J. A. , M. Jaana, and M. M. Ward. 2008 ) .Ward ‘s survey indicated that more than 80 per centum of urban infirmaries reported utilizing computing machines to roll up basic clinical information for possible usage in an EHR and CPOE system, while merely 30 to 40 per centum of rural infirmaries were making so ( Ward, M. M. , M. Jaana, J. A. Bahensky, S. Vartak, and D. S. Wakefield,2006 ) . Purpose of Study. The intent of the proposed survey will concentrate on the figure of healthcare organisations in Mississippi that have implemented electronic wellness records. The survey will place barriers and benefits to execution and buttocks preparedness province broad. Significance of Study. A survey done in April 2009 entitled â€Å" Use of Electronic Health Records in U.S. Hospitals † stated that of responses from 63.1 % of infirmaries surveyed, merely 1.5 % of U.S. infirmaries have a comprehensive electronic-records system ( i.e. , present in all clinical units ) , and an extra 7.6 % have a basic system ( i.e. , present in at least one clinical unit ) . Computerized provider-order entry for medicines has been implemented in merely 17 % of infirmaries. Larger infirmaries, those located in urban countries, and learning infirmaries were more likely to hold electronic-records systems. Respondents cited capital demands and high care costs as the primary barriers to execution, although infirmaries with electronic-records systems were less likely to mention these barriers than infirmaries without such systems ( Jha, 2009 ) . The EHR has several distinguishable advantages over paper wellness records. One definite advantage is the fact that there are increasing storage capablenesss for longer periods of clip. Besides, the EHR is â€Å" accessible from distant sites to many people at the same clip â€Å" ( Young 99 ) and retrieval of the information is about immediate. The record is continuously updated and is available at the same time for usage everyplace. Information is instantly accessible at any unit workstation whenever it is needed. Presently the paper record represents â€Å" monolithic atomization of clinical wellness information. † ( Schloeffel et al. 1 ) This non merely causes the cost of information direction to increase but besides â€Å" atomization leads to even greater costs due to its inauspicious effects on current and future patient attention † ( Schloeffel et al. 1 ) . The EHR can besides supply medical qui vives and reminders. EHR systems have some â€Å" constitutional intelligence capablenesss, such as acknowledging unnatural lab consequences, or possible dangerous drug interactions † ( Koeller 11 ) . Research findings back uping diagnostic trials and the EHR â€Å" can associate the clinician to protocols, attention programs, critical waies, literature databases, pharmaceutical information and other databases of health care cognition † ( Young 100 ) . Computer systems should non take the topographic point of doctors ‘ critical judgements nevertheless, â€Å" a well-designed EHR supports accountable liberty, roll uping and circulating information to help the medical professional in determination devising † ( Wellen, Bouchard, and Houston 2 ) . Another benefit to an EHR is that it allows for customized positions of information relevant to the demands of assorted fortes. The EHR is â€Å" far more flexible, leting its users to plan and use coverage formats tailored to their ain particular demands and to form and expose informations in assorted ways † ( Dick, Steen, and Detmer 46 ) . As a direction tool, the EHR can supply information to better hazard direction and appraisal results. Today, reimbursement is based on results hence healthcare organisations â€Å" must seek advanced ways to better quality of attention and results while pull offing costs † ( Dray 3 ) . An EHR can diminish charting clip and charting mistakes, hence increasing the productiveness of health care workers and diminishing medical mistakes due to illegible notes. â€Å" Reduction of medical mistakes is the concern of the populace at big, province legislators, health care suppliers, and many other wellness professionals † ( Waegemann et al. 11 ) . There have been legion narratives about fatal errors happening because of illegible notes written by doctors. EHRs â€Å" address a job that has plagued medical staff really perchance since the first physician put pencil to paper [ aˆÂ ¦ ] ( Dobias 3 ) . Since â€Å" script is natural, and hence hard to alter † ( Dobias 3 ) automated systems can assist extinguish this job. Although some systems may look dearly-won, the additions in efficiency far offset the costs. Chart chasing is eliminated, as is duplicate informations entry of the same information on multiple signifiers. â€Å" Highly paid, skilled clinicians no longer are delayed by the hunt for elusive paper charts, and useable result information becomes available without several yearss of informations digest † ( Wellen, Bouchard, and Houston 3 ) . Financially, the EHR will supply more accurate charge information and will let the suppliers of attention to subject their claims electronically, hence having payment quicker. The patient is even happier, because old information is available so the patient does non hold to go on to supply the same information over and over once more ( Gurley, 2006 ) . The completion of this survey will add to the organic structure of cognition by detailing the grounds for or against partial or full electronic wellness record execution in Mississippi. Chapter 2 – Reappraisal of Literature Reappraisal of the Literature A literature reappraisal for this topic has provided many relevant articles covering the subject of electronic wellness record execution. After choosing articles that were more closely aligned with the range of this research, I examined the mark population ( infirmaries in Mississippi ) , research intent ( designation of factors, barriers, and benefits of execution ) , the differing research methods, the information analysis method, variables, demographics every bit good as sample size. The literature systematically reflects positive benefits of utilizing this engineering. The study survey design was most normally used in the literature and seems to bring forth more measureable consequences. Sample sizes varied depending on the geographic part. The first article was entitled, â€Å" Percepts Sing Electronic Health Record Implementation among Health Information Management Professionals in Alabama: A State-wide Survey and Analysis. † The intents of this survey were to measure the position of execution of EHRs among Alabama infirmaries ; the factors that are associated with EHR execution ; and the benefits of, barriers to, and hazards of EHR implementation.A A self-completed study was mailed to 131 managers in the wellness information direction ( HIM ) section of Alabama infirmaries. Of 91 reacting infirmaries ( 69 per centum response rate ) , merely 12.0 per centum have completed execution of EHRs. The cardinal factor driving electronic wellness record ( EHR ) execution was to better clinical procedures or workflow efficiency. Lack of equal support and resources was the major barrier to EHR execution. Rural infirmaries were less likely to implement EHRs when compared with urban infirmaries ( p = .07 ) . Adoption of EHRs should be evaluated in deepness for infirmaries, and peculiarly for rural infirmaries. Wayss to seek appropriate support and supply equal resources should be explored ( Houser, 2006 ) .A The 2nd article, â€Å" Use of Electronic Health Records in U.S. Hospitals † is sing the usage of electronic wellness records from a national position. The research workers surveyed all ague attention infirmaries that are members of the American Hospital Association for the presence of specific electronic-record functionalities. Using a definition of electronic wellness records based on adept consensus, the research workers determined the proportion of infirmaries that had such systems in their clinical countries. We besides examined the relationship of acceptance of electronic wellness records to specific infirmary features and factors that were reported to be barriers to or facilitators of acceptance ( Jha et.al, 2009 ) . The research workers collaborated with the American Hospital Association ( AHA ) to study all ague attention general medical and surgical member infirmaries. The study was presented as an information engineering addendum to the association ‘s one-year study of members, and like the overall AHA questionnaire, was sent to the infirmary ‘s main executive officer. Hospital main executive officers by and large assigned the most knowing individual in the establishment ( in this instance, typically the main information officer or equivalent ) to finish the study. Non-responding infirmaries received multiple telephone calls and reminder letters inquiring them to finish the study. The study was ab initio mailed in March 2008, and their in-field period ended in September 2008 ( Jha et.al, 2009 ) . The research workers found that less than 2 % of ague attention infirmaries have a comprehensive electronic-records system, and that, depending on the definition used, between 8 and 12 % of infirmaries have a basic electronic-records system. With the usage of the definition that requires the presence of functionalities for doctors ‘ notes and nursing appraisals, information systems in more than 90 % of U.S. infirmaries do non even run into the demand for a basic electronic-records system ( Jha et.al, 2009 ) . These articles focused on information which will turn out to be good as I move frontward with this research undertaking. There is a demand for extra literature hunt in order to study/research extra stuff related to this peculiar survey. Chapter 3 – Methodology Methodology Research Design. The research worker will utilize study research design and analysis. Each HIM manager was sent a validated study comprised of multiple pick and open ended inquiries. The information for the survey will be collected anonymously via study mailed to infirmaries in Mississippi. A random control figure will be assigned to each study and envelope. There will be no linkage to individuality of establishments, merely aggregated informations will be published. Population and Sample Design. The choice of sample size was based on the figure of infirmaries in the province of Mississippi. This survey will measure perceptual experiences sing electronic wellness record execution in assorted types of infirmaries in Mississippi. The sample will be a convenience sample of all HIM managers in the province of MS, consisting all major geographic locations and/or hospital size. Data Collection Procedures. In September, 2010, the research worker mailed self completed studies to infirmaries in Mississippi. Participating installations had 4 hebdomads from the day of the month they received the study to return it in the ego addressed stamped envelope provided. Addresss and contact information for the installations was gathered from the American Hospital Directory, the Mississippi Department of Health, and the Official State of Mississippi web sites. By December 2010, the thesis will be complete and ready for presentation. Research Questions. Each participant was asked inquiries sing demographics alone to their installation. The study inquiries we focused on sensed hazards and benefits of implementing an EHR wholly and in portion. The participants were besides asked inquiries sing their degree of instruction, certificates, and age scope. Profile of Sample Population A missive and ego completed study was mailed to 90 managers of wellness information direction in Mississippi infirmaries. Data Analysis. A quantitative research method will be used as the method of analysis. The information will enable a graded comparing of infirmaries in Mississippi that have non-implemented, partly and to the full implemented electronic wellness records. We will utilize descriptive statistics to supply a sum-up of the informations collected. Chapter 4- Consequences Features of Respondents Of a sum of 46 study respondents, a big bulk ( 96 per centum ) were HIM managers, and the staying respondents ( 4 per centum ) were hospital administrative forces ( Figure 4 ) . 35 of the 46 respondents ( 76 per centum ) were between the ages of 40 and 59, 6 respondents ( 13 per centum ) were 22 to 39, 4 respondents ( 9 per centum ) were over 60, and one participant chose non to react ( Figure 13 ) . 55 per centum ( 25 respondents ) held Registered Health Information Administrator ( RHIA ) certificates, 12 respondents ( 26 per centum ) held Registered Health Information Technician certificates ( RHIT ) , 1 respondent ( 2 per centum ) held Certified Professional Coder ( CPC ) enfranchisements, 4 respondents ( 9 per centum ) were dually certified keeping RHIA certificates and a Certified Coding Specialist ( CCS ) enfranchisement, 1 respondent ( 2 per centum ) held an RHIT certificate and Certified Coding Specialist ( CCS ) enfranchisement, and the staying 3 respondents ( 6 per centum ) chose non to react ( Figure 14 ) . The highest degree of instruction attained by the HIM professionals was besides included in the information aggregation. 61 per centum ( 28 respondents ) had obtained a unmarried man ‘s grade, 26 per centum ( 12 respondents ) had obtained an associate ‘s grade, 5 respondents ( 2 per centum ) had obtained certifications, 1 respondent ( 2 per centum ) had obtained a maestro ‘s grade, 2 respondents ( 4 per centum ) had obtained other grades in topics non related to HIM, and 1 respondent did non take part in this inquiry ( Figure 15 ) . While 28 per centum of the reacting HIM professionals have strong input, another 56 per centum have small or merely some input on determinations sing EHR execution in the infirmary. Eleven per centum of the respondents had no input sing EHR execution. Of the full pool of respondents, there were no HIM Directors or administrative forces who held the concluding decision-making power related to EHR execution in their infirmaries ( Figure 5 ) .A Among these study respondents, 54 per centum of their infirmaries have less than 100 beds, 31 per centum had 100-400 beds, and 13 per centum had more than 100 beds at their installation ( Figure 1 ) . Of the 46 study respondents, 61 per centum were from non profit/not for net income infirmaries while 24 per centum were for net income infirmaries ( Figure 2 ) . Of the respondents, 76 per centum were from rural infirmaries and 20 per centum were in urban countries ( Figure 3 ) . From a sum of 90 possible infirmary respondents, 46 ( 51 per centum ) responded and 44 ( 49 per centum ) did non react. Status of EHR Implementation When asked about the position of EHR execution in their infirmaries, merely 8 ( 17 per centum ) of the 46 study respondents reported that their infirmaries had implemented an EHR system. Twelve infirmaries ( 26 per centum ) of the infirmaries had non implemented an EHR system when the study was conducted, with the staying 26 infirmaries ( 57percent ) being in the execution procedure ( Figure 10 ) .A Of the 8 infirmaries with to the full implemented EHRs, 3 ( 38 per centum ) are in rural countries, 4 ( 50 per centum ) are in urban countries, and 1 did non react to location. All 12 ( 100 per centum ) of the installations without an EHR or any timeline regarding execution are in rural countries. Of the 26 staying installations with EHRs in advancement, 20 ( 77 per centum ) are in rural countries, 5 ( 19 per centum ) are in urban countries, and 1 is in a suburban country. Harmonizing to the informations collected, rural infirmaries are more likely non to hold a timeline for execution. Of those infirmaries who had implemented an EHR system, merely one had completed the procedure before the twelvemonth 2000, and another seven had implemented it between 2000 and 2006. The figure of EHRs implemented between 2000 and 2006 mirrors the statistics reported in a comparative survey completed among HIM professionals in the province of Alabama. Of the 46 respondents, 32 per centum of the infirmaries with enforced EHRs and in execution advancement, want both inmate and outpatient capablenesss for EHR support.A Of the infirmaries that had non implemented or were in the procedure of implementing an EHR system, 30 per centum indicated that they would implement EHRs within a twelvemonth. Another 14 per centum stated that they would implement EHRs in the following two old ages, and 17 per centum of respondents reported that they were non certain when EHR execution would take topographic point ( Figure 10 ) . Factors Driving the Need for EHR Systems When asked â€Å" What factors drive the demand for the EHR systems within your infirmaries? † 36 ( 86 per centum ) of the 46 respondents felt that the two major demands or concerns were to better the quality of health care and the demand to portion patient record information among healthcare professionals ( Figure 6 ) . Other factors were the demand to better clinical procedure or workflow efficiency ( 34 respondents or 74 per centum ) and regulative demands of JCAHO or HCQA ( 22 respondents or 48 per centum ) . When asked â€Å" what is the greatest factor that drives the demand for EHR systems? † the most of import drive factor was to better health care quality ( 33 per centum ) . Benefits of Implementing EHRs The respondents were asked, â€Å" What would be the benefit of implementing the EHR system? † 42 of the respondents ( 91 per centum ) indicated that bettering work flow would be the major benefit of implementing the system ( Figure 7 ) . Some other benefits were stated as cut downing medical mistakes ( 70 per centum ) , and cut downing cost ( 43 per centum ) , cut downing intervention clip ( 17 per centum ) , increasing gross ( 17 per centum ) , and minimising malpractice claims ( 13 per centum ) . The major benefit, as indicated by the respondents, is the betterment of work flow and efficiency. Barriers to Implementing EHRs The figure one perceived barrier for implementing an EHR system was deficiency of equal support and resources ( 39 per centum ) ( Figure 8 ) . 14 respondents in rural countries and 4 in urban countries cited fundss as a major barrier. Some other barriers were deficiency of support from medical staff ( 37percent ) , deficiency of cognition of EHRs ( 33 per centum ) , deficiency of employee preparation ( 28 per centum ) , and deficiency of structured engineering ( 20 per centum ) . Vendor issues and deficiency of corporate organisation and action were besides stated as barriers to EHR execution. The respondents identified the deficiency of equal support as the major barrier to EHR execution. Chapter 5- Conclusions and Recommendations As the deadline for electronic wellness record transition nears, there are still several Mississippi installations that have non begun or completed the execution procedure. Harmonizing to the informations gathered in this study, EHR execution is mostly uncomplete. Merely 17 per centum of the reacting sites have to the full implemented records. Another 57 per centum are in the procedure of implementing and 26 per centum have no clear timeline as to when execution will get down. There are restrictions sing this study. Without the staying 49 per centum of the studies completed and returned, there is no manner to measure the stage of execution at those installations. However, the figure of respondents that did take part indicates the demand for an immediate call to action in order to run into the 2014 end. Educating clinical and administrative staff and parties with vested involvement will help in undertaking the obstructions impeding EHR execution. Nationally, EHR acceptance rates among infirmaries vary widely. Jha ‘s survey reviewed 36 different studies conducted between 1995 and 2005 and recorded a scope between 4 per centum and 21 per centum for execution of computerized patient order entry among infirmaries ( Jha, 2006 ) . The slow advancement of execution can be mostly attributed to fiscal restraints. Lack of support in fiscal resources is the major factor that contributes to fewer Mississippi infirmaries, rural and urban, holding completed EHR execution. In add-on, deficiency of cognition sing EHRs and a deficiency of bargain in from clinical and administrative staff besides play a major portion in the slow execution procedure. While fundss are a hinderance, there are funding chances through federal statute law to back up EHR execution. The American Reinvestment and Recove ry Act ( ARRA ) of 2009 included the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( HITECH ) which seeks to better American wellness attention bringing and patient attention through an unprecedented investing in wellness information engineering. The ARRA developed an Electronic Health Record Incentive plan that authorizes the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) to do incentive payments to eligible infirmaries to advance the acceptance and meaningful usage of interoperable certified EHR engineering ( ( IHS Office of Information Technology, 2010 ) . These incentive programs offer funding to healthcare suppliers who implement an EHR that is certified through the Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology ( CCHIT ) . These inducements will countervail the fiscal load of the installations as the passage into an electronic wellness record. HIM professionals play a major function in EHR execution. There is a great demand for persons with cognition and instruction in IT and EHR application and engineering. The 10,000 Trained by 2010 act was introduced in the House of Representatives in 2009 would authorise the National Science Foundation to present grants to establishments of higher instruction to develop and offer instruction and preparation plans. This would include instruction in the field of wellness information sciences. The debut of this measure indicates the turning demand for trained HIM professionals and the built-in portion they will play in EHR transition and execution. In order to accomplish the end of countrywide execution by 2014, there must be a greater push and increased support for health care suppliers. Government statute law and execution inducements are major paces in a positive way but there are still barriers that hinder EHR execution. It is necessary for suppliers to place the hazards, benefits, and factors driving EHR execution in order to cognize where and how to get down the procedure. Increased community consciousness, a good trained work force, support, and support from the clinical and administrative staff are all imperative in the successful execution of electronic wellness record engineering.